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. 2020 May 7;10:7714. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64880-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Vitamin K2 triggers autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells. (A) Western blot demonstrated the effect of 50 μM Vitamin K2 on the expression of autophagic and apoptotic proteins in T24 cells. (B) Electronic microscope showed the formation of autophagosomes in T24 cells after treatment with or without 50 μM Vitamin K2 for 18 hours. Arrow pointed to autophagosomes. Scale bar: upper: 5.0μm, lower: 2.0μm. (C) Flow cytometry demonstrated the apoptotic effect of Vitamin K2 on T24 cells. (D,E) Western blot demonstrated the effect of 50 μM CQ and 6 mM 3MA on the expression of autophagic and apoptotic proteins in T24 cells treated with or without 50 μM Vitamin K2. (F) MTS assays demonstrated the effect of CQ and 3MA on the cell viability in Vitamin K2-treated T24 cells. (G) Flow cytometry showed the effect of CQ and 3MA on apoptosis in T24 cells treated with or without Vitamin K2. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.