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. 2020 Feb 17;18(2):219–228. doi: 10.5217/ir.2019.00037

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© Copyright 2020. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. All rights reserved.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 4. — The anti-fibrotic mechanism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) inhibitor. (A) Induced transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and its autocrine signaling (straight and semicircular arrows with +) promote the deposition of collagen during colonic fibrosis in mice as shown in previous report.7 Simultaneously, it induces PAI-1 (arrow with red +), which inactivates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin axis, and reduces the total amount and active matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) (downward red arrows), resulting in the accumulation of collagen (upward red arrows). (B) Conversely, PAI-1 inhibitor activates tPA/plasmin axis, up-regulates MMP-9 (upward blue arrows) and causes the degradation of collagen (downward blue arrows).