Table 6.

Analytical review of drone/UAV detection methods.

Method	Operational		Description
Type	Range	Field	Characteristics	Accuracy	Advantages	Limitations
Audio-based	25–30 ft	Open fields	Multi-directional microphone array	Variable	Detects drones /UAVs buzzing sound waves	Short range, noise interference
Video-based	350 ft	Urban/rural areas	High distance image capture	Moderate/low	Good resolution image capture	High detection failure, non-distinguish between birds & drones
Motion-based	50–150 ft	Open fields	Motion & speed detection	Acceptable	Successful drone detection among flying Objects	Short range
Thermal-based	350 ft	Urban/rural areas, Open fields	Heat detection	High/low	Accurate at detecting fixed-wing drones	Inaccurate at detecting smaller quad-copters
Radar-based	150–1500+ ft	Urban/rural Areas, Open fields	Heat, motion & noise detection	High/moderate	Highly accurate at detecting/locating large/medium drones/UAVs	Inaccurate at detecting/locating small/tiny drones/UAVs
RF-based	200–1400 ft	Urban/rural area, open fields	RF signal detection/interception	High/moderate	Successful at detecting/intercepting signals & locating drones	Prone to signal interference, unable to detect higher/lower frequencies