Table 2.
Baseline clinical characteristics of 94 hemodialysis patients affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed within 4 centers of the Brescia Renal COVID Task Force, Brescia, Italy
| Characteristics | All patients (94) | Outpatients (37) | Admitted (57) | P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female | 62/32 | 24/13 | 39/18 | 0.82 |
| Age (yr) | 72 (62–79) | 67 (60–77) | 73 (64–80) | 0.17 |
| Cause of ESRD | ||||
| Not determined | 40 of 94 (43) | 8 of 37 (22) | 32 of 57 (56) | 0.001 |
| Glomerulonephritis | 19 of 94 (19) | 15 of 37 (41) | 4 of 57 (7) | 0.0001 |
| Genetic diseases | 15 of 94 (16) | 6 of 37 (16) | 9 of 57 (16) | 1 |
| Diabetes | 11 of 94 (12) | 3 of 37 (8) | 8 of 57 (14) | 0.52 |
| Other | 9 of 94 (10) | 5 of 37 (14) | 4 of 57 (7) | 0.31 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 93% | 35 of 7 (95) | 52 of 57 (91) | 0.7 |
| Diabetes | 43% | 13 of 37 (35) | 27 of 57 (47) | 0.29 |
| Vascular disease | 23% | 7 of 37 (19) | 15 of 57 (26) | 0.46 |
| Cardiac failure | 18% | 1 of 37 (3) | 16 of 57 (28) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic cardiac disease | 17% | 4 of 37 (11) | 12 of 57 (21) | 0.27 |
| Cancer | 12% | 5 of 37 (14) | 6 of 57 (11) | 0.75 |
| COPD | 11% | 6 of 37 (16) | 4 of 57 (7) | 0.18 |
| Other | 17% | 4 of 37 (11) | 13 of 57 (23) | 0.18 |
| Hemodialysis vintage (yr) | 3 (1–6) | 2 (1–7) | 3.9 (1.6–6.4) | 0.19 |
| Hemodialysis frequency | ||||
| 2 times week | 12 of 94 (13) | 3 of 37 (8) | 9 of 57 (16) | 0.35 |
| 3 times a week | 82 of 94 (87) | 34 of 37 (92) | 48 of 57 (84) | 0.35 |
| Hemodialysis modality | ||||
| HD | 69 of 94 (73) | 26 of 37 (70) | 43 of 57 (75) | 0.64 |
| HDF | 23 of 94 (25) | 11 of 37 (30) | 12 of 57 (21) | 0.46 |
| AFB | 2 of 94 (2) | 0 | 2 of 57 (4) | 0.52 |
| SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms at disease onset | ||||
| Temperature (>37.5 °C) | 68% | 16 of 37 (43) | 49 of 57 (86) | <0.0001 |
| Cough | 23% | 6 of 37 (16) | 16 of 57 (28) | 0.22 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 6% | 1 of 37 (3) | 5 of 57 (9) | 0.4 |
| Pharyngitis | 2% | 1 of 37 (3) | 1 of 57 (2) | 1 |
| Shortness of breath | 25% | 1 of 37 (3) | 22 of 57 (39) | <0.0001 |
| Myalgia | 17% | 2 of 37 (5) | 14 of 57 (25) | 0.02 |
| Baseline chest X-ray | ||||
| No infiltrates | 30% | 15 of 31 (48) | 11 of 53 (21) | 0.01 |
| Unilateral infiltrates | 25% | 7 of 31 (23) | 13 of 53 (25) | 1 |
| Bilateral infiltrates | 45% | 9 of 31 (29) | 29 of 53 (55) | 0.03 |
| Baseline blood tests | ||||
| WBC (NV 4.00–10.80 × 103/ul) | 5075 (3943–6470) | 5960 (4095–6865) | 4760 (3910–5645) | 0.08 |
| Neutrophils (NV 1.50–8.00 × 103/ul) | 3505 (2688–4770) | 4400 (2760–5330) | 3430 (2680–4080) | 0.1 |
| Lymphocytes (NV 0.90–4.00 × 103/ul) | 745 (550–1085) | 900 (600–1200) | 623 (510–1000) | 0.05 |
| Platelets (NV 130–400 × 103/ul) | 162,000 (126,000–229,500) | 202,000 (124,250–263,750) | 151,000 (127,000–181,000) | 0.02 |
| LDH (NV 135–225 U/l) | 254 (193–354) | 218 (187–303) | 352 (219–404) | 0.004 |
| CPK (NV 39–308 U/l) | 64 (38–138) | 51.5 (33–143) | 96 (49–138) | 0.33 |
| AST (NV 18–54 U/l) | 23 (17–35) | 19 (12–24) | 27 (19–46) | 0.0002 |
| ALT (NV 10–50 U/l) | 17 (11–25) | 14.5 (10–21) | 19 (13–29) | 0.04 |
| Bilirubin (NV < 1.20 mg/dl) | 0.3 (0.28–0.4) | 0.28 (0.21–0.37) | 0.3 (0.3–0.5) | 0.05 |
| CRP (NV < 5.0 mg/l) | 42.9 (10–82) | 12.8 (3.7–33.8) | 60 (19–89) | 0.0004 |
| Time from symptom onset to antiviral therapy initiation | 4 (1–6) | 5 (3–5) | 3 (1–6.5) | 0.05 |
| Time from RT-PCR positivity to antiviral therapy initiation | 2 (0–4) | 3 (2–5) | 1 (0–3) | 0.0003 |
| Antiviral therapy | ||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 19 of 94 (20) | 0 of 37 (0) | 19 of 57 (33) | |
| Darunavir + ritonavir | 41 of 94 (44) | 15 of 37 (41) | 26 of 57 (46) | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 72 of 94 (77) | 28 of 37 (76) | 44 of 57 (77) |
Data are reported as n (%) for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. Bold data refer to statistically significant P values.
AFB, acetate-free biofiltration; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; COVID, coronavirus; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CRP, C-reactive protein; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HD, hemodialysis, HDF, hemodiafiltration; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NV, normal values; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WBC, white blood cell.
Comparison between the 2 groups—“outpatients” and “admitted.”