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. 2020 Apr 23;7(4):e17071. doi: 10.2196/17071

Table 2.

Granger causality test results.

Causality test Positive association (n) Negative association (n) Total (n)
Time in bed (TIB)



TIB Granger causes depression core symptoms 3 0 3

Depression core symptoms Granger causes TIB 3 1 4

Mutual causality 0 0 0
Total sleep time (TST)



TST Granger causes depression core symptoms 3 3 6

Depression core symptoms Granger causes TST 2 1 3

Mutual causality 0 0 0