Table 1. Association Between Postoperative Olfactory Dysfunction and Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population.
| Variable | Normosmia (n = 105) | Postoperative olfactory dysfunction (n = 42) | RR (95% CI)a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (range), y | 56 (21-85) | 55 (19-82) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) |
| Sex | |||
| Men | 48 (46) | 20 (48) | 1 [Reference] |
| Women | 57 (54) | 22 (52) | 0.95 (0.57-1.58) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 83 (79) | 32 (76) | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 19 (18) | 9 (21) | 1.16 (0.62-2.14) |
| Other | 3 (3) | 1 (3) | 0.90 (0.16-5.06) |
| Smoking history | 37 (35) | 26 (62) | 2.17 (1.27-3.69) |
| CRSsNP | 7 (7) | 3 (7) | 1.05 (0.39-2.83) |
| Deviated septum | 48 (46) | 19 (45) | 0.99 (0.59-1.65) |
| Diabetes | 30 (29) | 9 (21) | 0.76 (0.40-1.43) |
| Hypothyroidism | 58 (55) | 25 (60) | 1.13 (0.67-1.92) |
| Asthma | 10 (10) | 8 (19) | 1.69 (0.93-3.05) |
| OSA | 24 (23) | 9 (21) | 0.94 (0.50-1.77) |
| Supplemental oxygen | 16 (15) | 5 (12) | 0.81 (0.36-1.83) |
| Family history of dementia | 8 (8) | 3 (7) | 0.95 (0.35-2.60) |
| ACE-27 score | |||
| None/mild | 63 (60) | 28 (67) | 1 [Reference] |
| Moderate/severe | 42 (40) | 14 (33) | 0.81 (0.47-1.41) |
| Intraoperative variables | |||
| Right MT resection | 98 (93) | 39 (93) | 0.95 (0.35-2.55) |
| Right ST resection | 83 (79) | 34 (81) | 1.08 (0.56-2.11) |
| Left MT resection | 66 (63) | 26 (62) | 0.97 (0.57-1.65) |
| Left ST resection | 62 (59) | 23 (55) | 0.88 (0.53-1.48) |
| 4-turbinate resection | 58 (55) | 22 (52) | 0.92 (0.55-1.54) |
| Anterior septoplasty | 18 (17) | 8 (19) | 1.10 (0.57-2.09) |
| Sonopet | 66 (63) | 24 (57) | 0.84 (0.50-1.41) |
| Free mucosal/bone graft | 21 (20) | 9 (21) | 1.06 (0.57-1.98) |
| NSF harvest | 26 (25) | 18 (43) | 1.76 (1.06-2.90) |
| Abdominal fat graft | 3 (3) | 5 (12) | 2.35 (1.28-4.30) |
| CSF leak | 34 (32) | 16 (38) | 1.19 (0.71-2.01) |
| Histologic variables | |||
| Pathological diagnosis | |||
| Pituitary adenoma | 97 (92) | 36 (86) | 1 [Reference] |
| Otherb | 8 (8) | 6 (14) | 1.58 (0.81-3.09) |
| Functioning tumor | 63 (60) | 20 (48) | 0.70 (0.42-1.17) |
| Ki-67, median (range), % | 2.0 (0.0-13.4) | 1.8 (0.0-20.0) | 1.00 (0.89-1.13) |
| Elevated proliferative index | 24 (23) | 7 (17) | 0.71 (0.35-1.45) |
| Crooke hyaline change | 7 (7) | 1 (2) | 0.42 (0.07-2.72) |
| Apoplexy | 6 (6) | 3 (7) | 1.18 (0.45-3.09) |
| Postoperative variables | |||
| Time since ETSH, mo | 36.9 (13.9-54.1) | 22.3 (5.0-36.5) | 0.93 (0.91-0.95) |
| Persistent DI | 8 (8) | 6 (14) | 1.58 (0.81-3.09) |
| Persistent AI | 23 (22) | 13 (31) | 1.38 (0.81-2.37) |
| Acute sinusitis | 14 (13) | 8 (19) | 1.34 (0.72-2.50) |
| Adjuvant XRT | 15 (14) | 1 (2) | 0.20 (0.03-1.36) |
Abbreviations: ACE-27, Adult Comorbidity Evaluation 27-item instrument (score range: 0-3, with the highest score indicating severe comorbidity burden); AI, adrenal insufficiency; CRSsNP, chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DI, diabetes insipidus; ETSH, endoscopic transsphenoidal hypophysectomy; MT, middle turbinate; NSF, nasoseptal flap; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; RR, relative risk; ST, superior turbinate; XRT, radiation therapy.
a
RR with 95% CI calculated using univariate robust logistic binomial regression.
b
Includes Rathke cleft cyst (n = 11), craniopharyngioma (n = 2), and meningioma (n = 1).