Table 4.
Childbirth outcomes in different ethnicities, with Hindustani as reference group
| Outcome | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | Adjusted Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) |
|---|---|---|
| Teenage pregnancy | a | |
| Maroon | 2.1 (1.9–2.5) | 2.1 (1.8–2.4) |
| Creole | 1.4 (1.2–1.7) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) |
| Mixed | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8) |
| Javanese | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) |
| Indigenous | 2.7 (2.1–3.3) | 2.6 (2.1–3.2) |
| Chinese | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) |
| Other | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) |
| Primiparous women | a | |
| Maroon | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) |
| Creole | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
| Mixed | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) |
| Javanese | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) |
| Indigenous | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| Chinese | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) |
| Other | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.6–1.3) |
| Grand multiparous women | a | |
| Maroon | 10.6 (8.7–12.8) | 14.7 (11.9–18.1) |
| Creole | 4.0 (3.3–4.9) | 4.1 (3.3–5.1) |
| Mixed | 2.2 (1.7–2.8) | 2.2 (1.7–2.9) |
| Javanese | 1.8 (1.4–2.4) | 1.7 (1.3–2.3) |
| Indigenous | 6.6 (5.0–8.6) | 9.9 (7.4–13.4) |
| Chinese | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.3 (0.1–0.8) |
| Other | 2.0 (1.0–4.0) | 1.6 (0.7–3.4) |
| Severe anemia | a | |
| Maroon | 3.7 (2.1–6.5) | 2.4 (1.4–4.3) |
| Creole | 1.9 (1.0–3.4) | 1.7 (0.9–3.0) |
| Mixed | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) |
| Javanese | 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | 0.3 (0.1–1.3) |
| Indigenous | 1.6 (0.5–4.8) | 1.1 (0.4–3.5) |
| Chinese | N/A | N/A |
| Other | N/A | N/A |
| Cesarean section | b | |
| Maroon | 0.4 (0.4–0.5) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
| Creole | 0.7 (0.6–0.7) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
| Mixed | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) |
| Javanese | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| Indigenous | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.8 (0.6–0.9) |
| Chinese | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) |
| Other | 2.0 (1.4–2.7) | 1.7 (1.2–2.4) |
| Post partum hemorrhage | c | |
| Maroon | 1.6 (1.1–2.4) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) |
| Creole | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) |
| Mixed | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
| Javanese | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.1 (0.7–2.0) |
| Indigenous | 3.2 (1.8–5.5) | 3.0 (1.7–5.3) |
| Chinese | 2.2 (1.0–4.8) | 2.1 (0.9–4.6) |
| Other | 1.9 (0.4–7.8) | 1.4 (0.3–6.0) |
| Preterm birth | a | |
| Maroon | 1.3 (1.1–1.4) | 1.2 (1.1–1.4) |
| Creole | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) |
| Mixed | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) |
| Javanese | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) |
| Indigenous | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Chinese | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) |
| Other | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) |
| Low birth weight | b | |
| Maroon | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) |
| Creole | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| Mixed | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) |
| Javanese | 0.5 (0.4–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) |
| Indigenous | 0.7 (0.5–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) |
| Chinese | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) |
| Other | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) |
| Low APGAR score | c | |
| Maroon | 1.8 (1.4–2.3) | 1.6 (1.2–2.0) |
| Creole | 1.6 (1.3–2.1) | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) |
| Mixed | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) |
| Javanese | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2) |
| Indigenous | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) |
| Chinese | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 0.5 (0.1–1.7) |
| Other | N/A | N/A |
| Late stillbirth | c | |
| Maroon | 2.1 (1.5–3.0) | 1.7 (1.1–2.5) |
| Creole | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
| Mixed | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) |
| Javanese | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) |
| Indigenous | 1.1 (0.5–2.3) | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) |
| Chinese | 0.2 (0.0–1.6) | 0.3 (0.0–2.4) |
| Other | N/A | N/A |
| Maternal death | d | |
| Maroon | 3.4 (0.8–15.7) | 3.3 (0.7–16.1) |
| Creole | 1.2 (0.2–7.2) | 1.2 (0.2–7.1) |
| Mixed | N/A | N/A |
| Javanese | 1.7 (0.2–12.4) | 1.8 (0.2–12.5) |
| Indigenous | 2.5 (0.2–27.5) | 2.5 (0.2–28.5) |
| Chinese | 4.5 (0.4–49.4) | 4.7 (0.4–53.4) |
| Other | N/A | N/A |
Bold = significant results.N/A not available
aAdjusted for maternal age and hospital
bAdjusted for maternal age, parity, hospital, birth weight, gestational age
cAdjusted for maternal age, parity, hospital, cesarean section, birth weight, gestational age
dAdjusted for maternal age, parity and hospital