Table 9.
LEIPAD ‘Life Satisfaction’ scale: ordinal logistic regressions (cumulative logit models)
| Bivariate ordinal logistic regression |
Multivariate ordinal logistic regression a | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of ‘poor’ HRQoL (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 35.9 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 43.5 | 1.44 (0.82–2.55) | 0.2085 | 1.32 (0.69–2.55) | 0.4032 |
| Age | |||||
| (years) | 84.1 (3.3) b | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 0.2971 | 1.02 (0.93–1.13) | 0.6389 |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married or with a partner | 35.7 | Ref | |||
| Never-married, widowed, divorced | 45.2 | 1.55 (0.86–2.80) | 0.1489 | ||
| Educational level | |||||
| High school or higher education | 47.1 | Ref | |||
| Pre-high school | 38.3 | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) | 0.9269 | ||
| Driving a car | |||||
| Yes | 34.0 | Ref | |||
| No | 49.1 | 1.68 (0.91–3.09) | 0.0952 | ||
| Hospital admission during the previous 12 months | |||||
| No | 41.9 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 34.3 | 0.78 (0.39–1.57) | 0.4897 | ||
| Number of health problems | 5.0 (2.0) b | 1.29 (1.11–1.51) | 0.0013 | ||
| Life events during the previous 12 months | |||||
| Illness | |||||
| No | 41.6 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 37.2 | 0.92 (0.48–1.75) | 0.7878 | ||
| Poor health | |||||
| No | 34.5 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 57.9 | 2.67 (1.31–5.46) | 0.0072 | ||
| Daily care of a relative or friend | |||||
| No | 34.9 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 63.0 | 3.20 (1.39–7.38) | 0.0065 | ||
| Bereavement | |||||
| No | 35.8 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 54.5 | 1.90 (0.91–3.94) | 0.0873 | ||
| Serious illness of a relative or friend | |||||
| No | 30.5 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 60.4 | 3.25 (1.66–6.37) | 0.0006 | 3.78 (1.83–7.84) | 0.0003 |
| Problems(s) with offspring | |||||
| No | 35.9 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 63.6 | 2.99 (1.21–7.42) | 0.0179 | ||
| Relational problem(s) with friends or relatives | |||||
| No | 38.6 | Ref | |||
| Yes | 62.5 | 2.64 (0.63–11.02) | 0.1843 | ||
| Unsatisfactory environment | |||||
| No | 36.6 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 81.8 | 7.31 (1.57–33.95) | 0.0111 | 7.36 (1.51–35.74) | 0.0134 |
| Perceived modest income | |||||
| No | 31.1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 59.6 | 3.45 (1.75–6.81) | 0.0004 | 2.46 (1.14–5.28) | 0.0211 |
| Financial worries | |||||
| No | 36.2 | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 73.3 | 5.44 (1.62–18.21) | 0.0060 | 5.49 (1.23–24.37) | 0.0253 |
Ordinal logistic regressions: (1) LEIPAD ‘Life Satisfaction’ categorized score (‘poor’, ‘average’ or ‘good’ HRQoL) was used as the dependent variable. (2) Independent variables were entered as categorical variables, except for age and number of health problems which were entered as continuous variables. (3) OR odds ratio; CI confidence interval; AOR adjusted odds ratio
a Multiple regression: adjusted for sex, age and for all variables included in the model
b Mean (SD) in the ‘poor’ HRQoL category
Statistical significance is shown in bold type