Table 1.
Demographics and clinical outcome of the patients
| Variables | All included patients (n = 157) |
Alive after 90 days (n = 111, 70.7%) |
Dead in 90 days (n = 46, 29.3%) |
p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 75 (7) | 74 (7) | 79 (7) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex, n (%) | Female | 78 (49.7) | 54 (48.6) | 24 (52.2) | 0.821 |
| Male | 79 (50.3) | 57 (51.4) | 22 (47.8) | ||
| Cardiac condition, n (%) | No | 56 (35.7) | 42 (37.8) | 14 (30.4) | 0.485 |
| Yes | 101 (64.3) | 69 (62.2) | 32 (69.6) | ||
| Pulmonary condition, n (%) | No | 97 (61.8) | 70 (63.1) | 27 (58.7) | 0.740 |
| Yes | 60 (38.2) | 41 (36.9) | 19 (41.3) | ||
| Charlson index, mean (SD) | 5.91 (2.30) | 5.50 (2.12) | 6.91 (2.44) | < 0.001 | |
| median [IQR] | 6.00 [4.00, 7.00] | 5.00 [4.00, 6.50] | 6.00 [5.00, 8.75] | 0.001 | |
| ASA class, n (%) | 1 | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (2.2) | 0.004 |
| 2 | 46 (29.3) | 40 (36.0) | 6 (13.0) | ||
| 3 | 81 (51.6) | 57 (51.4) | 24 (52.2) | ||
| 4 | 27 (17.2) | 13 (11.7) | 14 (30.4) | ||
| 5 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2), median [IQR] | 24.5 [21.5, 27.1] | 24.6 [21.3, 27.4] | 24.4 [22.1, 26.0] | 0.713 | |
| Heart rate (beats per minute), mean (SD) | 87.01 (18.53) | 86.71 (18.33) | 87.74 (19.17) | 0.753 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 129.48 (22.31) | 132.10 (22.00) | 123.17 (22.00) | 0.022 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L), mean (SD) | 123.64 (22.45) | 124.59 (22.32) | 121.35 (22.82) | 0.412 | |
| CRP (mg/L), median [IQR] | 63.00 [20.00, 165.00] | 58.00 [13.50, 172.00] | 98.50 [48.50, 142.75] | 0.100 | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L), median [IQR] | 81.00 [64.00, 121.00] | 76.00 [64.00, 114.50] | 102.50 [65.25, 139.50] | 0.064 | |
| Surgery indication, n (%) | Ileus/obstruction | 92 (58.6) | 67 (60.4) | 25 (54.3) | 0.266 |
| Perforation | 37 (23.6) | 25 (22.5) | 12 (26.1) | ||
| Ischaemia | 12 (7.6) | 6 (5.4) | 6 (13.0) | ||
| Infection | 4 (2.5) | 4 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Bleeding | 4 (2.5) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (4.3) | ||
| Other | 8 (5.1) | 7 (6.3) | 1 (2.2) | ||
| Number of operations, n (%) | 1 | 109 (69.4) | 79 (71.2) | 30 (65.2) | 0.761 |
| 2 | 35 (22.3) | 22 (19.8) | 13 (28.3) | ||
| 3 | 9 (5.7) | 7 (6.3) | 2 (4.3) | ||
| 4 | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (2.2) | ||
| 5 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Surgical procedure, n (%) | Resection with primary anastomosis | 64 (40.8) | 43 (38.7) | 21 (45.7) | 0.538 |
| Adhesiolysis | 24 (15.3) | 19 (17.1) | 5 (10.9) | ||
| Resection with stoma formation | 38 (24.2) | 24 (21.6) | 14 (30.4) | ||
| Other | 18 (11.5) | 15 (13.5) | 3 (6.5) | ||
| Primary raphy | 10 (6.4) | 8 (7.2) | 2 (4.3) | ||
| Embolectomy without bowel resection | 3 (1.9) | 2 (1.8) | 1 (2.2) | ||
| Cancer, n (%) | No | 78 (49.7) | 58 (52.3) | 20 (43.5) | 0.409 |
| Yes | 79 (50.3) | 53 (47.7) | 26 (56.5) | ||
| Blood Transfusion, n (%) | No | 96 (61.1) | 77 (69.4) | 19 (41.3) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 61 (38.9) | 34 (30.6) | 27 (58.7) | ||
| Physiology Score, mean (SD) | 23.54 (6.56) | 23.62 (5.98) | 23.33 (7.86) | 0.798 | |
| Operative Severity Score (points), mean (SD) | 14.73 (2.93) | 14.82 (2.79) | 14.50 (3.26) | 0.535 | |
| Morbidity POSSUM, median [IQR] | 65.00 [48.80, 82.90] | 66.40 [51.20, 82.90] | 61.40 [43.08, 86.30] | 0.322 | |
| Mortality POSSUM, median [IQR] | 5.70 [2.80, 13.60] | 5.70 [3.05, 12.95] | 5.65 [2.50, 16.95] | 0.518 | |
| Osteopenia, n (%) | No | 88 (56.1) | 71 (64.0) | 17 (37.0) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 69 (43.9) | 40 (36.0) | 29 (63.0) | ||
| Postoperative infection, n (%) | No | 99 (63.1) | 68 (61.3) | 31 (67.4) | 0.587 |
| Yes | 58 (36.9) | 43 (38.7) | 15 (32.6) | ||
| Postoperative heart failure, n (%) | No | 147 (93.6) | 105 (94.6) | 42 (91.3) | 0.682 |
| Yes | 10 (6.4) | 6 (5.4) | 4 (8.7) | ||
| Postoperative MI, n (%) | No | 146 (93.0) | 104 (93.7) | 42 (91.3) | 0.849 |
| Yes | 11 (7.0) | 7 (6.3) | 4 (8.7) | ||
| Postoperative arrhythmia, n (%) | No | 125 (79.6) | 93 (83.8) | 32 (69.6) | 0.073 |
| Yes | 32 (20.4) | 18 (16.2) | 14 (30.4) | ||
| Postoperative renal failure (dialysis), n (%) | No | 145 (92.4) | 106 (95.5) | 39 (84.8) | 0.049 |
| Yes | 12 (7.6) | 5 (4.5) | 7 (15.2) |
* Comparison between the alive and dead patients
ASA, American Society of Anaesthesiology; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; MI, myocardial infarction