Table 2.

Comparison of surface functional groups and heteroatom doping of B-d-CMs and their electrochemical performance in various EES devices.

Biomass materials	Functional groups/heteroatom doping	Energy applications	Capacity (low current density)	Capacity (high current density)	Ref.
Cherry petals	O (12.0 at%) N (1.4 at%)	SIBs	310.2 mAh g−1 (20 mA g−1)	146.5 mAh g−1 (0.5 a g−1)	[118]
Longan shell	O (6.27 wt%) N (1.36 wt%)	SIBs	345.9 mAh g−1 (0.1 a g−1)	304.2 mAh g−1 (5 A g−1)	[119]
Ox horn	O (6.90 at%) N (5.50 at%)	SIBs	419 mAh g−1 (0.1 a g−1)	117 mAh g−1 (5 a g−1)	[122]
Enteromorpha	O (11.36 at%) N (0.74 at%)	Supercapacitors	201 F g−1 (1 a g−1)	122.6 F g−1 (100 A g−1)	[120]
Kelp	O (8.76 at%) N (5.04 at%)	Supercapacitors	440 F g−1 (0.5 a g−1)	180 F g−1 (150 a g−1)	[123]
Willow catkins	O (13.28 wt%) N (2.51 wt%)	Supercapacitors	340 F g-1 (0.1 a g−1)	231 F g−1 (10 a g−1)	[126]
Gelatin	N (9.74 at%)	Li-S batteries	1209 mAh g−1 (1 C)	595 mAh g−1 (3 C)	[124]
Shrimp skin	N (7.26 at%)	SIBs	434.6 mAh g−1 (30 mA g−1)	110 mAh g−1 (2 a g−1)	[131]
Pomelo Peel	N (3.90 at%)	Supercapacitors	260 F g−1 (1 a g−1)	44 F g−1 (10 a g−1)	[129]
Cotton	S (10.2 wt%)	SIBs	532 mAh g−1 (200 mA g−1)	234 mAh g−1 (2 a g−1)	[137]
Ginkgo leaves	S (8.25 wt%)	Supercapacitors	364 F g−1 (0.5 a g−1)	245 F g−1 (40 a g−1)	[91]
Luffa sponge	S (2.72 at%)	Li-S batteries	1544 mAh g−1 (0.2 C)	781.2 mAh g−1 (5 C)	[90]
Poplar wood	B (3.70 at%)	Supercapacitors	372 F g−1 (2 a g−1)	251 F g−1 (10 a g−1)	[87]
Coffee bean	P (13.3 at%)	Supercapacitors	180 F g−1 (0.05 a g−1)	157 F g−1 (1 a g−1)	[141]
Lotus petioles	F (1.1 at%)	SIBs	230 mAh g−1 (50 mA g−1)	228 mAh g−1 (200 mA g−1)	[95]
Cellulose	N (2.4 at%) S (3.2 at%)	Li-S batteries	1370 mAh g−1 (C/20)	830 mAh g−1 (2 C)	[145]
Dandelion fluff	N (2.2 at%) B (4.6 at%)	Supercapacitors	355 F g−1 (1 a g−1)	292 F g−1 (20 a g−1)	[149]
Corn stalks	N (0.90 at%) P (1.82 at%)	SIBs	233 mAh g−1 (0.1 a g−1)	143 mAh g−1 (1 A g−1)	[153]