Table 3.
Comparison of composite structures of B-d-CMs and their electrochemical performance in various EES devices.
Sample | Biomass materials | Structure | Energy applications | Capacity (low current density) | Capacity (high current density) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MnO2/C | Natural flax fiber | Fibrous | Supercapacitors | 683.73 F g−1 (2 a g−1) | 269.04 F g−1 (300 a g−1) | [154] |
Fe3O4/C | Watermelon | 3D porous | Supercapacitors | 333.1 F g−1 (1 A g−1) | — | [155] |
Co3O4/C | Dextran | Nanopetal like | Supercapacitors | 400 F g−1 (0.5 A g−1) | 175 F g−1 (2 a g−1) | [156] |
MnO2/C | Hemp stem | 3D hierarchical porous | Supercapacitors | 340 F g−1 (1 a g−1) | 300 F g−1 (30 a g−1) | [157] |
MnO2/C | Banana peel | Hierarchical porous | Supercapacitors | 139.6 F g−1 (300 mA g−1) | 70 F g−1 (10 a g−1) | [158] |
Co3O4/C/Co3O4 | Raw cotton | Sandwich like | Supercapacitors | 892 F g−1 (0.5 a g−1) | 102 F g−1 (2.0 a g−1) | [159] |
MoS2/C | Paper towel | 3D hierarchical porous | SIBs | 446 mAh g−1 (20 mA g−1) | 102 mAh g−1 (10 a g−1) | [161] |
Ni-doped CoS2/N,P-doped C | Yeast cells | Spherical | SIBs | 407 mAh g−1 (100 mA g−1) | 243 mAh g−1 (1000 mA g−1) | [164] |
FeS/C | Fe-carrageenan fibers | Fibrous | Li-S batteries | 283 mAh g−1 (1 A g−1) | 247 mAh g−1 (5 a g−1) | [162] |
Fe3C/C | Corncobs | Nanosheet | Li-S batteries | 1530 mAh g−1 (0.1 C) | 699 mAh g−1 (0.5 C) | [167] |