Table 2.

Characteristics of 73 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and detectable C peptide with at least 10 years of follow-up

Ultrasensitive C peptide (pmol/L) N=73	C peptide detectable 28	C peptide not detectable 45	P value
At diagnosis
Male/female	11/17 (39%/61%)	29/16 (64%/36%)	0.036*
Age (years)	5.2±3.1	5.0±2.9	0.753
BMI SDS	−0.44±1.4	−1.01±1.4	0.086
Hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol)	9.4±4.0 (79±20)	9.4±3.7 (79±17)	0.917
Ketoacidosis (pH <7.30)	1 (4%)	5 (11%)	0.244
Average hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol)
First year	6.1±2.6 (43±6)	6.5±2.8 (49±8)	0.003**
Second year	6.6±2.7 (49±7)	7.0±2.8 (53±8)	0.029*
Third year	6.8±2.8 (51±8)	7.2±2.9 (56±9)	0.026*
Fourth year	7.1±2.8 (54±8)	7.5±3.0 (58±10)	0.065
Fifth year	7.5±2.9 (58±9)	7.5±3.1 (59±11)	0.505
Sixth year	7.5±2.8 (59±8)	7.7±3.1 (61±11)	0.575
Seventh year	7.8±2.7 (62±7)	7.7±2.9 (61±9)	0.560
Eighth year	8.0±2.7 (64±7)	7.7±2.9 (61±9)	0.247
Ninth year	7.9±2.9 (63±9)	7.8±2.9 (62±9)	0.519
Tenth year	7.9±3.0 (63±10)	8.1±2.9 (65±9)	0.401
Ten-year grand average	7.4±2.6 (57±6)	7.5±2.7 (58±7)	0.260
Grand average for the entire study period	7.5±2.6 (58±6)	7.6±2.7 (60±7)	0.218
At long-term follow-up
Age (years)	16.4±3.2	17.2±3.3	0.331
Duration of type 1 diabetes (years)	11.8±2.0	12.7±2.6	0.098
BMI SDS (n=50)	0.90±0.75	0.28±1.17	0.043*
Hemoglobin A1c % (mmol/mol)	8.0±3.3 (64±13)	8.1±2.9 (65±9)	0.774
Treatment with insulin pump	11 (39%)	21 (47%)	0.537
Celiac disease	7 (25%)	2 (4%)	0.041*
Hypothyreosis	0 (0%)	2 (4%)	0.527
Retinopathy	4 (14%)	14 (31%)	0.105
Creatinine (µmol/L)	58±12	62±12	0.077
Blood glucose (mmol/L)	10±6	11±5	0.460
GADA detectable	15 (54%)	17 (38%)	0.186
IA-2A detectable	10 (36%)	13 (29%)	0.542
GADA and IA-2A detectable	5 (18%)	5 (11%)	0.415

Values are given as mean±SD.

Significance of the difference between subjects with and without detectable C peptide (>1.17 pmol/L): *p<0.05, **p<0.01.

BMI SDS, body mass index SD score; GADA, glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies; IA-2A, islet antigen-2 antibodies.