Table 2.
Comparing adjusted prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes with self-report diabetes and the mean difference for prevalence of comorbid conditions
| Diabetes versus healthy Prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
Undiagnosed versus selfreport Prevalence ratio (95% CI) |
Undiagnosed with healthcare versus undiagnosed without healthcare Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | |
| Sex (ref: male) | |||
| Female | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.04) | 0.72(0.67to0.79)*** | 0.95 (0.84 to 1.06) |
| Age category (ref: 15–24 years) | |||
| 25–34 | 2.09(1.91to2.29)*** | 0.9 (0.83 to 0.99) | 1.28(1.11to1.49). |
| 35–44 | 4.89(4.46to5.37)*** | 0.83(0.76to0.91)* | 1.26(1.09to1.45). |
| 45–49 | 8.5(7.66to9.42)*** | 0.74(0.66to0.82)*** | 1.19 (1.02 to 1.38) |
| Wealth (ref: poorest) | |||
| Poor | 1.12 (1.03 to 1.23) | 1.1 (1 to 1.21) | 1.03 (0.9 to 1.18) |
| Middle | 1.31(1.2to1.44)*** | 1.14 (1.03 to 1.25) | 1.13 (0.98 to 1.3) |
| Rich | 1.67(1.52to1.84)*** | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.15 (1 to 1.32) |
| Richest | 1.89(1.7to2.09)*** | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) | 1.16 (0.99 to 1.36) |
| Education level (ref: no education) | |||
| Primary | 1.17(1.1to1.26)** | 0.84(0.78to0.91)** | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.12) |
| Secondary | 1.06(1to1.13) | 0.8(0.75to0.85)*** | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.05) |
| Higher | 0.92 (0.83 to 1.02) | 0.83(0.74to0.92). | 1.02 (0.88 to 1.19) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.06(1.05to1.06)*** | 1.01(1.01to 1.02)** | 1 (1 to 1.01) |
| Residence (ref: urban) | |||
| Rural | 0.84(0.8to0.9)*** | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.15) | 1.09 (1 to 1.18) |
| Region (ref: central) | |||
| East | 1.43(1.32to1.54)*** | 0.83(0.76to0.9)** | 0.92 (0.81 to 1.04) |
| North | 0.83(0.77to0.89)*** | 0.89(0.82to0.96). | 1.08 (0.96 to 1.2) |
| Northeast | 0.98 (0.9 to 1.07) | 0.87 (0.79 to 0.96) | 0.69(0.59to0.81)** |
| South | 1.66(1.55to1.79)*** | 0.8(0.74to0.87)*** | 1.54(1.41to1.67)*** |
| West | 1.01 (0.93 to 1.1) | 1.07 (0.98 to 1.16) | 0.7(0.59to0.84)* |
| Smokes (ref: no smoking) | 1.04 (0.96 to 1.12) | 0.94 (0.87 to 1.02) | 1.37(1.24to 1.52)*** |
| Drinks (ref: no drinking) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.29) | 0.94 (0.84 to 1.05) | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.2) |
| Healthcare | 1.13(1.08to1.19)*** | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.98) | NA |
| Mean diff (95% CI) | Mean diff (95% CI) | Mean diff (95% CI) | |
| Glucose (95% CI), mg/dL | 91.5(88.7to94.3)*** | 66.2(6.5to70.8)*** | −11.4 (−17.6 to −5.2) |
| Systolic BP (95% CI), mm Hg | 4.2(3.9to4.6)*** | 2.3(1.6to3.1)*** | −0.5 (−1.6 to 0.6) |
| Diastolic BP (95% CI), mm Hg | 2.6(2.2to3.0)*** | 1.4 (0.6 to 2.2) | −0.37 (−1.4 to 0.7) |
| Self-report: | |||
| Hypertension (95% CI), % | 7.5(6.5to8.4)*** | −4.1(−5.9to−2.3)* | 1.1 (1.3) |
| Heart disease (95% CI), % | 4.5(3.8to5.2)*** | −9.0(−10.3to−7.7)*** | 1.4 (0.5 to 2.3) |
| Thyroid disorder (95% CI), % | 4.3(3.5to5.1)*** | −7.6(−9.1to−6.1)*** | 3.1 (1.5 to 4.6) |
Univariate prevalence ratios and adjusted prevalence ratios for men and women are given in online supplementary tables 4-6. Bonferroni-corrected p values are denoted as follows: corrected p value <0.0001 (***), corrected p value <0.001 (**), corrected p value <0.01 (*), corrected p value <0.05 (.). Factors that are associated with increased prevalence of undiagnosed (diabetes, undiagnosed with healthcare access) are shown in red. Factors associated with decreased prevalence of undiagnosed (diabetes, undiagnosed with healthcare access) are shown in blue. Factors that are not significant are given in black.
BP, blood pressure.