Table 3.

Association between lifestyle variables and ever-participation in DSME—subgroup analyses for participants with diabetes 2 years and less or more than 2 years after diagnosis, respectively, estimated by logistic regression analyses

		Time after diagnosis ≤2 years N=233	Time after diagnosis >2 years N=1044
		Ever-DSME participants ref: never-DSME participants	Ever-DSME participation ref. never-DSME participation
		OR* (95% CI)*	OR* (95% CI)*
Fruit intake	At least once daily (ref: less than once daily)	1.37 (0.72 to 2.59)†	1.16 (0.83 to 1.62)†
Vegetable intake	At least once daily (ref: less than once daily)	1.07 (0.54 to 2.11)†	0.99 (0.70 to 1.39)†
Physical activity	Walking >30 min/day (ref:<30 min/day)	1.08 (0.54 to 2.17)†	1.30 (0.92 to 1.82)†
	Cycling ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week)	2.55 (1.21 to 5.37)†	1.52 (1.01 to 2.29)†
	Doing sports in general ≥1 day/week (ref:<1 day/week)	1.67 (0.84 to 3.35)†	1.03 (0.73 to 1.45)†
	Doing sports in general ≥2 day/week (ref:<2 day/week)	1.49 (0.79 to 2.82)†	1.20 (0.82 to 1.75)†
	Endurance training ≥150 min/week & strength training twice/week (ref: no)	0.58 (0.21 to 1.56)†	1.50 (0.96 to 2.34)†
	≥150 min aerobic PA/week including walking (ref: less)	1.28 (0.66 to 2.48)†	1.49 (1.04 to 2.12)†
	≥150 min aerobic PA/week without walking (ref: less)	1.23 (0.60 to 2.52)†	1.46 (1.01 to 2.12)†
Tobacco use	Smoking (ref. never-smoking)	2.84 (0.92 to 8.79)‡	1.26 (0.78 to 2.06)‡
	Ex-smokers (ref. never-smokers)	1.17 (0.59 to 2.32)‡	1.71 (1.21 to 2.41)‡
BMI	Overweight (ref. normal)	1.04 (0.39 to 2.79)‡	0.96 (0.61 to 1.51)‡
	Obesity (ref. normal)	1.61 (0.65 to 3.99)‡	1.19 (0.76 to 1.85)‡

This table shows the results of logistic regression analyses. Dependent variables: lifestyle variables (fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity variables, smoking, BMI); DSME-participation and diabetes as independent variables stratified according to time after diabetes diagnosis until survey time into patients ≤2 years after diagnosis (≤2Y group) and >2 years (>2Y group) after diagnosis. In the ≤2Y group were n=102 ever-DSME participants and n=131 ever-DSME participants. In the >2 Y group were n=699 ever-DSME participants and n=345 never-DSME participants. All logistic regressions were calculated for each subgroup separately.

*All results are adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, living together in marriage/as an unmarried couple or alone, limitation health problems for at least 6 months, occupational status, AKSU Index of self-efficacy and attentiveness to own health. Age, socioeconomic status [3 to 21], self-efficacy [1 to 5] and how much participants pay attention to their health [1 to 5] were included as continuous variables in the model. Categorial variables included in the model were: Sex (male/female), limitation due to health problems for at least 6 months (high limitation/moderate limitation/ none), occupational status (employed/unemployed/retired or unable to work), living situation (as married or unmarried couple/living alone) and how much participants do generally pay attention to their health (not at all/not so much/moderate/much/very much). BMI categorization according to WHO categorization as normal (<25 kg/m²), overweight (25-<30 kg/m²) and obese (≥30 kg/m²).¹⁶

†Results were calculated using binary weighted-logistic regression analyses.

‡Results were calculated using weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses. N of both subgroups=1277.

BMI, body mass index; DSME, diabetes self-management education program.