Table 2.
Risk factors of DKD by category
| Variables | Low eGFR group* | Albuminuria group† | Low eGFR and albuminuria group | |||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Sex (female) | 1.37 | 0.81 to 2.32 | 0.99 | 0.64 to 1.51 | 1.81 | 1.11 to 2.95 |
| Age (by 10 years) | 2.69 | 2.03 to 3.58 | 1.18 | 1.00 to 1.40 | 1.77 | 1.41 to 2.21 |
| BMI (by 5 kg/m²) | 1.31 | 0.95 to 1.81 | 1.22 | 0.97 to 1.53 | 1.25 | 0.94 to 1.66 |
| Total cholesterol (by 10 mg/dL) | 0.91 | 0.83 to 0.997 | 0.93 | 0.87 to 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.95 to 1.10 |
| HDL cholesterol (by 10 mg/dL) | 0.99 | 0.81 to 1.21 | 1.02 | 0.88 to 1.18 | 0.95 | 0.79 to 1.13 |
| Triglycerides (by 10 mg/dL) | 1 | 0.97 to 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.99 to 1.04 | 1.01 | 0.98 to 1.04 |
| HbA1c‡ (%) | 1.05 | 0.81 to 1.36 | 1.29 | 1.11 to 1.51 | 0.78 | 0.60 to 1.004 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 1.83 | 1.48 to 2.27 | 1.13 | 0.96 to 1.32 | 2.04 | 1.68 to 2.48 |
| SBP (by 10 mm Hg) | – | – | 1.32 | 1.17 to 1.48 | 1.2 | 1.05 to 1.38 |
| DBP (by 10 mm Hg) | 1.06 | 0.83 to 1.34 | – | – | – | – |
| Diabetic retinopathy (yes/no) | 1.23 | 0.72 to 2.10 | 2.17 | 1.46 to 3.21 | 3.83 | 2.44 to 6.03 |
Logistic regression analysis with each DKD group in contradistinction to no DKD group to find related risk factors.
*eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and normoalbuminuria (ACR <30 mg/gCr).
†ACR ≥30 mg/gCr and normal eGFR (≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
‡NGSP, National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program.
ACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.