Table 1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Covid-19 (Case Patients) and Matched Controls.*.
| Characteristic | Case Patients (N=6272) |
Controls (N=30,759) |
Relative Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| % | |||
| Age — yr | 68±13 | 68±13 | MV |
| Female sex — no. (%) | 2303 (36.7) | 11,357 (36.9) | MV |
| Drugs — no. (%)† | |||
| Antihypertensive drugs overall | 3632 (57.9) | 15,319 (49.8) | 14.0 |
| ACE inhibitors | 1502 (23.9) | 6,569 (21.4) | 10.5 |
| ARBs | 1394 (22.2) | 5,910 (19.2) | 13.3 |
| Calcium-channel blockers | 1446 (23.1) | 5,926 (19.3) | 13.1 |
| Beta-blockers | 1826 (29.1) | 7,123 (23.2) | 20.5 |
| Diuretics | 1902 (30.3) | 7,420 (24.1) | 20.5 |
| Thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics | 1104 (17.6) | 5,074 (16.5) | 6.4 |
| Loop diuretics | 871 (13.9) | 2,411 (7.8) | 43.6 |
| Mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists | 239 (3.8) | 738 (2.4) | 37.1 |
| Monotherapy | 1067 (17.0) | 4,903 (15.9) | 6.4 |
| Combination therapy | 2565 (40.9) | 10,416 (33.9) | 17.3 |
| Oral antidiabetic drugs overall | 861 (13.7) | 3,158 (10.3) | 25.0 |
| Metformin | 628 (10.0) | 2,331 (7.6) | 24.4 |
| Sulfonylureas | 214 (3.4) | 781 (2.5) | 25.6 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 89 (1.4) | 313 (1.0) | 28.4 |
| GLP-1–receptor agonists | 65 (1.0) | 195 (0.6) | 38.9 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 47 (0.7) | 109 (0.4) | 52.8 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 35 (0.6) | 95 (0.3) | 44.7 |
| Other oral antidiabetic agents | 219 (3.5) | 825 (2.7) | 23.3 |
| Insulin | 338 (5.4) | 863 (2.8) | 47.8 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 1928 (30.7) | 7,833 (25.5) | 16.9 |
| Antiplatelet drugs | 1363 (21.7) | 4,868 (15.8) | 26.9 |
| Oral anticoagulant agents | 643 (10.3) | 2,173 (7.1) | 30.9 |
| Digitalis | 66 (1.1) | 170 (0.6) | 47.3 |
| Nitrates | 201 (3.2) | 624 (2.0) | 36.5 |
| Drugs for respiratory disease overall | 943 (15.0) | 3,170 (10.3) | 31.3 |
| Long-acting β-agonists | 508 (8.1) | 1,527 (5.0) | 38.5 |
| Short-acting β-agonists | 268 (4.3) | 880 (2.9) | 32.8 |
| Inhaled glucocorticoids | 499 (8.0) | 1,658 (5.4) | 32.0 |
| Other drugs for respiratory disease | 258 (4.1) | 614 (2.0) | 51.3 |
| Immunosuppressive agents | 802 (12.8) | 2,711 (8.8) | 30.9 |
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs | 1036 (16.5) | 4,579 (14.9) | 10.0 |
| Nonselective COX inhibitors | 864 (13.8) | 3,914 (12.7) | 7.7 |
| Selective COX2 inhibitors | 252 (4.0) | 1,039 (3.4) | 16.0 |
| Coexisting conditions and associated procedures — no. (%) | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1891 (30.1) | 6,679 (21.7) | 28.0 |
| Coronary artery disease | 473 (7.5) | 1,519 (4.9) | 34.6 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 244 (3.9) | 823 (2.7) | 31.3 |
| Heart failure | 323 (5.1) | 759 (2.5) | 52.1 |
| Respiratory disease | 651 (10.4) | 1,716 (5.6) | 46.3 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 188 (3.0) | 433 (1.4) | 53.1 |
| Asthma | 18 (0.3) | 35 (0.1) | 60.4 |
| Kidney disease | 311 (5.0) | 818 (2.7) | 26.8 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 181 (2.9) | 393 (1.3) | 55.8 |
| Dialysis | 49 (0.8) | 54 (0.2) | 77.6 |
| Cancer | 1091 (17.4) | 4,639 (15.1) | 13.3 |
| Chronic Related Score — no. (%)‡ | |||
| 0 | 2116 (33.7) | 13,051 (42.4) | −25.8 |
| 1 | 1450 (23.1) | 7,625 (24.8) | −7.2 |
| 2 | 1117 (17.8) | 4,856 (15.8) | 11.4 |
| 3 | 676 (10.8) | 2,458 (8.0) | 25.9 |
| 4 | 913 (14.6) | 2,769 (9.0) | 38.2 |
Plus–minus values are means ±SD. Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) were diagnosed between February 21 and March 11, 2020. ACE denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin-receptor blocker, COX cyclooxygenase, COX-2 cyclooxygenase 2, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, MV matching variable, and SGLT2 sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
Data are for patients who received at least one prescription during 2019. Only 10 patients (1 case patient and 9 controls) received renin inhibitors, and 87 patients (28 case patients and 59 controls) received sacubitril–valsartan.
The Chronic Related Score is a new index of patients’ clinical profile that is derived from inpatient and outpatient services provided by the Regional Health Service and is validated for outcome prediction.28 Five categories of progressively worsening clinical profile are considered.