Table 4.

Barriers to PG Testing Identified by UCSF Health Physicians and Pharmacists Sorted From Highest to Lowest Number of Times Selected by Both Clinicians (i.e., Combined)

Barriers	Physicians n=76 (%)	Pharmacists n=59 (%)	Combined N=135 (%)
Lack of established and clear guidelines/protocols for translating test results	51 (67)	41 (69)	92 (68)
Cost/payer’s restrictions on reimbursement for PG testing	48 (63)	32 (54)	80 (59)
Limited professional education in PG	43 (57)	37 (63)	80 (59)
Limited internal UCSF PG testing options	32 (42)	27 (46)	59 (44)
Ordering PG testing is not easy	36 (47)	22 (37)	58 (43)
Turnaround time on PG testing is not practical	21 (28)	33 (56)	54 (40)
Lack of a UCSF PG consultation service	26 (34)	23 (39)	49 (36)
Lack of point-of-care electronic clinical decision support to utilize PG tests	28 (37)	19 (32)	47 (34)
Limited scientific evidence linking test results to health outcomes	24 (32)	18 (31)	42 (31)
Diagnostic tests are not FDA-approved	13 (17)	6 (10)	19 (14)
There are no barriers for my practice/service. We are using the test	7 (9)	3 (5)	10 (7)
Patients do not want PG testing	1 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1)

FDA = Food and Drug Administration; PG = pharmacogenetic; UCSF = University of California, San Francisco.