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. 2019 Apr 5;36(8):1252–1263. doi: 10.1089/neu.2018.5990

FIG. 7.

FIG. 7.

Repeated closed head injury (CHI) at a shorter interval markedly increases oxidative damage compared with single CHI or CHI repeated at a longer interval. Protein carbonyls (PC), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in mitochondrial homogenates from bilateral hippocampus and bilateral cortex at 48 h after single CHI or two CHI were repeated at a 48 h interval (rCHI 48 h) or a 96 h interval (rCHI 96 h). At 48 h after the final injury, mitochondria were isolated from these regions. Mice receiving rCHI at a 48 h interval had significantly higher levels of PC and HNE in the hippocampus compared with both mice with rCHI at a 96 h interval and mice with single CHI. Mice with rCHI at a 48 h interval had significantly higher levels of 3-NT in the hippocampus compared with mice with rCHI at a 96 h interval and of PC in the ventral cortex compared with mice with a single CHI. N = 8/group *p < 0.05 compared to CHI; **p < 0.001 compared with CHI; + p < 0.05 compared with rCHI at 96 h; ++ p < 0.001 compared with rCHI at 96 h. Values are reported as individual data points and lines correspond to mean ± SEM.