Table 1.

Studies evaluating association of qualitative background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) levels with breast cancer risk.

	Study Design	Patient Population	Endpoint	BPE threshold	Findings
King, et al., 2011 (8)	Retrospective case control, 38 cancers matched 1:2 to negative control and 1:1 to false positive control	High risk screening	Risk of breast cancer diagnosis at time of MRI	≥ moderate threshold at first time point (k0 not reported)	Increased BPE associated with cancer
Dontchos, et al., 2015 (87)	Retrospective case control, 23 cancers matched 1:1 to negative control	High risk screening	Risk of either cancer diagnosis at time of MRI or in future	≥ mild threshold at first time point (k0 = 90–110s)	Increased BPE associated with cancer
Telegrafo, et al., 2015 (89)	Retrospective cohort	High risk screening and diagnostic (problem solving and extent of disease)	Risk of breast cancer diagnosis at time of MRI	≥ moderate threshold at third time point (k0 = 180s)	Increased BPE associated with cancer
Bennani-Baiti, et al., 2016 (86)	Retrospective cohort	Diagnostic (problem solving and extent of disease)	Risk of breast cancer diagnosis at time of MRI	≥ moderate threshold (k0 = 120s)	No association of BPE with cancer
Grimm, et al., 2018 (88)	Retrospective case control, 61 cancers matched 1:2 to negative control	High risk screening	Risk of future breast cancer diagnosis	≥ mild threshold (k0 not reported)	Increased BPE associated with breast cancer diagnosis
Arasu, et al., 2019 (90)	Retrospective cohort	Screening and Diagnostic	Risk of future breast cancer diagnosis	≥ mild threshold (k0 not reported due to numerous institutions included)	Increased BPE associated with breast cancer diagnosis; effect greater for invasive breast cancers than DCIS

BPE = background parenchymal enhancement; DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ