. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019 Apr 19;51(1):43–61. doi: 10.1002/jmri.26762

Table 3.

Studies evaluating association of qualitative BPE parameters with breast cancer treatment outcomes

	Study Design	Patient Population	Endpoint	BPE parameters	Findings
Choi, et al., 2016 (97)	Retrospective cohort, 93 patients underwent pre- and post-NAC MRI	Unilateral IBC undergoing NAC	RFS	Contralateral BPE categorized as high (moderate/marked) or low (minimal/mild)	High BPE on pre-NAC MRI associated with worse RFS
Preibsch, et al., 2016 (41)	Retrospective cohort, 73 patients underwent pre- and post-NAC MRI	IBC undergoing NAC	Morphologic and histopathological tumor response ranging from pCR to PD	Bilateral BPE category change post-NAC (specific series used or k₀ not specified)	Degree of BPE reduction correlated with tumor response
Lim, et al., 2017 (98)	Retrospective cohort, 804 patients	IBC	RFS and various other clinicopathological variables	Qualitative BPE (bilateral vs. unilateral assessment not specified) on first post-contrast series (k₀ = 90s)	Increased BPE associated with PR+, LVI, close surgical margin Increased BPE associated with worse RFS in post-menopausal women by one reader
Vreeman, et al, 2018 (100)	Retrospective cohort, 76 patients	IBC, DCIS	Tumor subtypes	Contralateral qualitative BPE on first post-contrast subtraction series (k₀ = 90s)	Increased BPE associated with lower tumor grade and PR+ status
Shin, et al, 2018 (55)	Retrospective cohort, 289 patients	Unilateral IBC, ER+, HER2− > 5 mm in size	RFS and DFS	Contralateral qualitative BPE and quantitative BPE	BPE not associated with outcome
You, et al., 2018 (95)	Retrospective cohort, 71 patients underwent baseline MRI and MRI after 2^nd cycle of NAC	Invasive HER2 positive breast cancer undergoing NAC with trastuzumab	pCR	Contralateral qualitative BPE on “early phase” (k₀ = 90s)	No association between baseline BPE and pCR Decreased BPE after 2^nd cycle of NAC associated with pCR
Oh, et al, 2018 (94)	Retrospective cohort of 186 patients who under breast MRI before and after NAC	IBC undergoing NAC	pCR, RFS, and Tumor subtypes	Contralateral qualitative BPE on first post-contrast phase (k₀ =61 s)	No association between baseline BPE and pCR Decreased BPE after NAC greater in pCR group than non-pCR group No association between BPE and RFS or tumor molecular subtypes
Hilal, et al., 2018 (93)	Retrospective cohort, 21 patients underwent baseline MRI	IBC, ER+, HER2− undergoing NAC with endocrine therapy	Stable disease or reduced tumor size on clinical or ultrasound examination	Qualitative BPE (specific phase not specified)	Minimal/mild BPE associated with response (stable to reduced tumor size)

BPE = background parenchymal enhancement, IBC = invasive breast cancer, NAC = neoadjuvant chemotherapy, pCR = pathologic complete response, ER = estrogen receptor, DFS = disease-free survival, HER2 = human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, RFS=recurrence free survival, PD = progressive disease, PR = progesterone receptor, LVI = lymphovascular invasion, DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ, FGT=fibroglandular tissue, MIP = maximum intensity projection