Table 2.

Potential treatments for pain.

Target	Examples of treatments
Reduce nociception & inflammation	•Analgesics (Fregoso et al., 2019; Nisbet and Sehgal, 2019) •Anti-inflammatory medications (Fregoso et al., 2019; Nisbet and Sehgal, 2019) •Joint and/or neural mobilisation (Alatawi, 2019; Coulter et al., 2019; Lucado et al., 2019) •Electrophysical agents (Binny et al., 2019; Hofmeister, 2020; Wu et al., 2019) •Surgery to address underlying problem (e.g. joint replacement) •Rhizotomy (Bakker et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2019) •Nerve blocks (Chang et al., 2016)
Improving the emotional & cognitive factors	•Pain education (Tegner et al., 2018) •Meditation/mindfulness (Ball et al., 2017; Ngamkham et al., 2019) •Cognitive behavioural therapy (Baez et al., 2018; Hajihasani et al., 2019) •Graded exposure (López-de-Uralde-Villanueva et al., 2016)
Reduce hypersensitivity	•Antidepressants (to modulate the opioid system) (Nisbet and Sehgal, 2019) •Anticonvulsants (to increases gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in the brain) (Fregoso et al., 2019; Nisbet and Sehgal, 2019) •Electrophysical agents (Binny et al., 2019; Hofmeister, 2020)