Table 2.
Epidemiological and clinical data of COVID-19 positive children and neonates.
| Cai et al. 2020 [14] | Wei et al. 2020 [29] | Liu et al. 2020 [33] | Su et al. 2020 [5] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| N= | 10 | 9 | 6 | 9 |
| Period | 19 Jan 2020– 3 Feb 2020 | 8 Dec 2019 – 6 Feb 2020 | 7 Jan – 15 Jan 2020 | 24 Jan 2020 to 24 Feb 2020 |
| Country | China | China | China | China |
| Province | Anhui and Qingdao | Hubei, Wuhan | Shandong | |
| Age (range), Median | (3 m -11 y) | (1 – 11 m) | (1 – 7 y) | (11 mo – 9 yrs) |
| 6.5 y | 7 m | 3y | 5.5 y | |
| Gender, Male | 4/10 (40%) | 2/9 (22.2%) | 2/6 (33.3%) | 3/9 (33.3%) |
| Clinical picture | ||||
| Fever | 8/10 (80%) | 4/9 (44.4%) | 6/6 (100%) | 2/9 (22%) |
| Temperature | 37 - 39.2 | >39 C° | Afebrile – 38.5 C° | |
| 38.3 C° | ||||
| Cough | 6/10 (60%) | 1/9 (11%) | 6/6 (100%) | 1/9 (11%) |
| Sneezing | 2/10 (20%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Stuffy nose | 3/10 (30%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Rhinorrhoea | 2/10 (20%) | 1/9 (11 %) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Sore throat | 4/10 (40%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (%0) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Dyspnoea | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 6/6 (100%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Diarrhoea | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| ICU admission | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 1/6 (16.6%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Nausea/vomiting | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| fatigue | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Pneumonia | 4/10 (40%) | 0/9 (0%) | 4/6 (66.6%) | 1/9 (11.1%) |
| complications | 0/10 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Laboratory | ||||
| leucopenia | 1/10 (10%) | NA | 4/6 (33.3%) | 2/9 (22.2%) |
| lecocytosis | 3/10 (30%) | NA | 0/6 (0%) | 1/9 (11.1%) |
| Neutrophilia | 1/10 (10%) | NA | 0/6 (0%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| Neutropenia | 3/10 (30%) | NA | 3/6 (50%) | 1/9 (11.1%) |
| Lymphopenia | 0/10 (0%) | NA | 6/6 (100%) | 0/9 (0%) |
| lymphocytosis | 1/10 (10%) | NA | 0/6 (0%) | 1/9 (11.1%) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | (11.3 – 15.2) | NA | NA | 10.6 - 14 |
| 13 | 12 | |||
| thrombocytopenia | 1/10 (10%) | NA | NA | 1/9 (11.1%) |
| ALT | (18.5 – 100) | NA | NA | 9 to 22 |
| (U/L) | 7.7 | 14 | ||
| AST | (19.7 – 142) | NA | NA | 23 - 42 |
| (U/L) | 27.75 | 33 | ||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) (range), median | (0.5 – 35) | NA | NA | 0.12 - 0.35 |
| 7.5 | NA | 0.19 | ||
| Procalcitonine, (range), median, ng/dl | 0.02 - 0.12 0.07 |
NA | NA | 0.02 - 0.08 0.04 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) (range), median | (161 – 394) 254 |
NA | NA | |
| D-dimer (μg/mL) (range), median | (0.2 – 0.6) 0.45 |
NA | NA | - 0.4) 0.03 |
| Urea (mmol/L), (range), median | (0.5 – 4.1) 3.1 |
NA | NA | Normal |
| Creatinine | (13 – 58.9) | NA | NA | Normal |
| (μmol/L) | 35.5 | |||
| Creatine Kinase (U/L), (range), median | (12 - 42.3) 23 |
NA | NA | NA |
| CK-MB (U/L), (range), median | NA | NA | NA | (22 – 76) 30 |
| COVID-19 samples | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal/ | Positive 10/10 | Positive | Positive | positive |
| throat swab | 100% | 9/9 (100%) | 6/6 (100%) | 9/9 (100%) |
| Stool | Positive 5/6 | NA | NA | NA |
| 83.30% | ||||
| Urine | Positive 0/6 | NA | NA | NA |
| 0% | ||||
| Serum | Positive 0/6 | NA | NA | NA |
| 0% | ||||
| Ji et al., 2020 [35] | Sun et al. 2020 [34] | Xia et al. [20] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| N= | 2 | 8 | 20 |
| period | 25 Jan – 3 Feb | 24 Jan - 24 Feb | 23 Jan - 8 Feb 2020 |
| Country | China | China | China |
| Province | Zhejiang | Wuhan | Wuhan |
| Age (range), Median | (9 – 15 y) | (2 m – 15 y) | 1 d - 14 y,7m |
| 12 y | 10 y, 9.5 m | 2 y, 1.5 m | |
| Gender | Male 2/2 (100%) | 6/8 (75%) | male 13 (65%) |
| Clinical picture | |||
| Fever | 1/2 (50%) | 6/8 (75%) | 12/20 (60%) |
| Temperature | 37.9 C° | ||
| Cough | 0 / 2 (0%) | 6/8 (75%) | 13/20 (65%) |
| Sneezing | 0 /2 | 0/8 (0%) | |
| Stuffy nose | 0 / 2 (0%) | 0/ 100 (0%) | |
| Rhinorrhoea | 0/2 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 3/20 (15%) |
| Sore throat | 1/2 (50%) | 0/ 100 (0%) | 1 (5%) |
| Dyspnoea | 0/20% | 7/8 (100%) | |
| Diarrhoea | 1/2 (50%) | 3/8 (37.5%) | 3/20 (15%) |
| ICU admission | 0/2 (0%) | 8/8 (100%) | |
| Nausea/vomiting | 4/8 (50%) | 2/20 (10%) | |
| fatigue | 1/8 (12.5%) | 1/20 (5%) | |
| Pneumonia | 0/2 (0%) | 8/8 (100%) | 20/20 (100%) |
| complications | 0/2 (0% | 4/8 (50%) | yes |
| Laboratory | |||
| leucopenia | 1/8 (12.5%) | 4/12 (5%) | |
| lecocytosis | 1/2 (50%) | 2/20 (10%) | |
| Neutrophilia | 0/2 (0%) | 1/8 (12.5%) | |
| Neutropenia | 0/2 (0%) | 1/8 (12.5%) | |
| Lymphopenia | 0/2 (0%) | 1/8 (12.5%) | 7/20 (35%) |
| lymphocytosis | 0/2 (0%) | 0/8 (0%) | 3/20 (15%) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | NA | Anemia 3/8 (37.5%) | |
| thrombocytopenia | NA | 1/8 (12.5%) | |
| ALT (U/L) (range), median | NA | (8 – 100) 45 |
increased in 5/20 (25%) |
| AST (U/L), (range), median | NA | (14 – 410) 21.5 |
|
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), (range), median | 3.49 – 34.64 19.06 |
(0.5 – 103) 8.19 |
high in 7/20 35% |
| Procalcitonine (ng/dl), (range), median | NA | (0.04 - 17.6) 0.085 |
high in 16/20 (80%) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L), (range), median | NA | (187 – 891) 382 |
NA |
| D-dimer (μg/mL), (range), median | NA | (0.23 - 40.43) (0.455) |
NA |
| Creatinine, (μmol/L), (range), median | NA | (15 - 72.1) 35.25 |
NA |
| Creatine Kinase (U/L) | NA | 15 – 20702 (91.5) | NA |
| CK-MB (U/L) | NA | NA | high in 5/20 (25%) |
| COVID-19 samples | |||
| Nasopharyngeal/ | Positive 2/2 | Positive | positive 20/20 |
| throat swab | 100% | 8/8 (100%) | 100% |
| stool | NA | NA | NA |
| Urine | NA | NA | NA |
| Serum | NA | NA | NA |
| Li et et al. 2020 [31] | Xu et al. 2020 [13] | Lu et al. 2020 [32] | Kam et al. 2020 [30] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| N= | 5 | 10 | 171 | case report |
| period | 28 jan - 8 Feb 2020 | 28 Jan - 26 Feb 2020 | ||
| Country | China | China | China | Simgapore |
| Province | Guangdong | |||
| Age (range), Median | 10 m - 6 y | 2 m - 15.5 y | 1 d- 15 y | 6 M |
| 3 y, 8 m | 7 y | 6.7 y | ||
| Gender | 4/5 (80%) | Male 6/10 (60%) |
Male 104/171 (60.8%) | Male |
| Fever | 1/5 (20%) | 7/10 (70%) |
71/171 (41.5%) | no |
| Temperature | 37.8 - 39.1 38.5 |
|||
| Cough | 1/5 (20%) | 5/10 (50%) |
83/171 (48.5%) | no |
| Stuffy nose | 2/10 (20%) |
no | ||
| Rhinorrhoea | 1/5 (20%) | 2/10 (20%) |
13/171 (7.6%) | no |
| Sore throat | 1/5 (20%) | 4/10 (40%) |
no | |
| Diarrhoea | 3/10 (30%) |
15/171 (8.8%) | no | |
| ICU admission | 0/5 (0%) | no | ||
| Nausea/vomiting | 11/171 (6.4%) | no | ||
| fatigue | 13/171 (7.6%) | no | ||
| Pneumonia | 3/5 (60%) | 0/10 (0%) | 111/171 (65%) | no |
| complications | 0% | 0% | no | |
| Laboratory | ||||
| leucopenia | 3/10 (30%) | NA | no | |
| lecocytosis | 2/5 (40%) | NA | no | |
| Neutrophilia | 1/10 (10%) | NA | no | |
| Neutropenia | NA | yes | ||
| Lymphopenia | 3/10 (30%) | NA | ||
| lymphocytosis | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | NA | (10.2 - 16.3) 12.4 |
NA | Normal |
| thrombocytopenia | NA | 0% | NA | no |
| ALT (U/L), (range), median | NA | (6 – 172) 17 |
NA | Normal |
| AST (U/L), (range), median | (16 – 127) 23 |
NA | Normal | |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), (range), median | 1 (20%) | (0.3 - 22.03) 1.14 |
NA | NA |
| Procalcitonine (ng/dl), | NA | slighly increased in 5 patients | NA | NA |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | NA | (138 – 378) 217 |
NA | NA |
| D-dimer (μg/mL), (range), median | NA | (0.23 - 0.84) 0.32 |
NA | NA |
| Urea (mmol/L) | NA | normal | NA | NA |
| COVID-19 samples | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal/ | positive 5/5 | positive 10/10 | positive (171/171) | positive |
| throat swab | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
| stool | NA | positive | NA | positive |
| 8/10 (80%) | ||||
| Urine | NA | NA | NA | Negative |
| Serum | NA | NA | NA | Negative |
Abbreviations: ICU, intensive care unit; ALT; alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CK-MB, creatine kinase myocardial band; NA, not available.