Table 1.

Results (F and p-values) for analyses of the effects of colour morph on VIP mRNA expression in the anterior hypothalamus (AH) and infundibular region (INF) of breeding white-throated sparrows. (For the MANCOVAs (left), which consider gene expression in both brain regions, values are shown for the overall effect of morph and the region × morph interaction. For the ANCOVAs (right), values for the main effects of morph within regions are shown. Separate analyses were conducted for each sex and study (breeding stage). Significant effects are shown in italics; sample sizes are shown in figure 2.)

sex	MANCOVAs (both regions)					ANCOVAs (effect of morph within region)
	study	morph		region × morph		region	early breeding		nestling stage
		F	p	F	p		F	p	F	p
males	early breeding	9.05	0.008	1.00	0.330	AH	6.42	0.021	20.35	<0.001
	nestling stage	3.87	0.069	42.92	<0.001	INF	1.92	0.182	13.13	0.003
females	early breeding	1.84	0.233	6.86	0.047	AH	13.52	0.010	6.25	0.027
	nestling stage	8.04	0.015	5.26	0.041	INF	0.65	0.458	0.51	0.490