Fig. 1. Antimicrobial mechanism of natural HD6 and artificial HDMP.

The HDMP mimics the HD6 that (2) in situ self-assembles on microbial surfaces by ligand-receptor interactions, resulting in (3) self-assembled trapping fibrous networks for the inhibition of microbial invasion. Different from the HD6 that is (1) in situ secreted from Paneth cells, the HDMP is (1′) transported into the targeted region through intravenous administration as nanoparticle (NP) formulation, overcoming the barrier of self-assembling peptides to application in vivo.