Fig. 1. CNFs are robust, flexible, and nanoscaled plant-based building blocks.

(A) The fibrils form a highly entangled and networked 3D structure with multiple, entangled contact points. (B) The special topology of the CNF nanonetwork is loose in suspension, thus allowing the co-dispersion of a broad variety of particles within the interconnected nanofibrillar structure. (C) During self-assembly from aqueous media, a dried interlocked network of particles and fibrils is formed. Extremely high cohesion is introduced from minimal fibril-particle interactions, which is essential to maintain the surface access to the primary particles and their functionalities.