Fig. 4. Assessment of the cohesion capacity of CNFs with particles varying in both chemical complexity and morphology.

Particles of different shapes, origins, packing ability, and aspect ratio are used in the synthesis of robust SPs. (A) Scaling of the SPs’ robustness as a function of their respective SSA ratio. (B) Photograph of the obtained materials and a 3D printed object (direct ink writing) to illustrate the prospects for scalability of the CNF-particle materials (230-nm SiO₂ and CNF). (C to E) SEM images of few examples of biological materials and high aspect ratio particles that are superstructured with CNFs. In (D) and (E), the particles were artificially colorized. (F) Demonstration of the preserved functionalities (fermentation process) of the living yeast particles after superstructuring with CNFs from aqueous suspensions. Photo credits: Bruno D. Mattos (Aalto University).