Table 1.
Total medical resource use and costs throughout the trial
| EQW (n = 7,356) | Placebo (n = 7,396) | Difference (95% CI)* | Relative rate/means ratio (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Medical resource use | |||||
| All-cause hospitalizations | 0.83 (1.68) | 0.84 (1.62) | −0.01 (−0.06 to 0.05) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.31 |
| Inpatient days | 7.05 (18.24) | 7.46 (19.32) | −0.41 (−1.02 to 0.18) | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 0.05 |
| Outpatient care visits | 21.07 (23.26) | 20.92 (23.55) | 0.15 (−0.62 to 0.85) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.66 |
| Direct medical costs‡ (US$, 2017) | |||||
| Inpatient care | 9,654 (25,051) | 10,078 (26,016) | −424 (−1,290 to 384) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.10† |
| Outpatient care | 2,156 (1,872) | 2,139 (1,910) | 16 (−46 to 75) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.68 |
| Medications (excluding EQW) | 17,098 (15,992) | 18,698 (16,899) | −1,600 (−2,155 to 1,041) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes medications | 13,882 (14,592) | 15,445 (15,295) | −1,564 (−2,068 to −1,069) | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | <0.01 |
| Other medications | 3,216 (3,610) | 3,252 (3,876) | −36 (−157 to 82) | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.39 |
| Total (excluding EQW) | 28,907 (32,600) | 30,914 (34,089) | −2,007 (−3,115 to −939) | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | <0.01 |
| EQW | 13,790 (8,374) | — | — | — | — |
| Total costs | 42,697 (34,355) | 30,914 (34,089) | 11,782 (10,625–12,908) | 1.39 (1.35–1.44) | <0.01 |
| Direct medical costs§ (£, 2016) | |||||
| Inpatient care | 5,021 (14,028) | 5,204 (13,929) | −183 (−658 to 234) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.10† |
| Outpatient care | 1,313 (1,231) | 1,293 (1,215) | 20 (−19 to 56) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 0.74 |
| Medications (excluding EQW) | 2,457 (2,558) | 2,708 (2,913) | −251 (−346 to −162) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes medications | 1,640 (1,618) | 1,823 (1,687) | −184 (−240 to −132) | 0.89 (0.87–0.92) | <0.01 |
| Other medications | 817 (1,676) | 885 (2,019) | −68 (−132 to −9) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.03 |
| Total (excluding EQW) | 8,790 (15,024) | 9,204 (14,970) | −414 (−906 to 95) | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.02 |
| EQW | 2,084 (1,254) | — | — | — | — |
| Total costs | 10,874 (15,136) | 9,204 (14,970) | 1,670 (1,182–2,184) | 1.18 (1.12–1.24) | <0.01 |
Data are mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated.s
*
95% CIs are based on the bias-adjusted percentile method with nonparametric bootstrapping.
†
P value from the MEGLM procedure in Stata software.
‡
Costs discounted at 3% per year.
§
Costs discounted at 3.5% per year.