Table 3.

Types and Causes of DTPs

Types of DTPs	Causes of DTPs	Frequency of DTP	Total	%
Drug therapy problem (N= 300)	Yes		228	76.0
	No		72	24.0
Unnecessary drug therapy	No medical condition	27	66	14.7
	Overlapping effect	32
	Non-pharmacologic (no need for SAP) preferred	7
Need additional drug therapy	Prophylaxis needed and/or untreated indication	37	52	11.6
	Additive or synergistic needed	15
Need different drug	More effective product available	19	21	4.7
	Route not appropriate	2
Dose too low	The wrong dose ordered	94	124	27.6
	Inappropriate frequency (longer)	13
	Inappropriate duration (short)	2
	The timing of SAP (too late or early)	15
Potential or actual ADR	Undesirable effect	7	26	5.8
	Unsafe drug	12
	DI lead to ADR	3
	Contra-indication	3
	Unsafe route	1
Dose too high	The wrong dose ordered	16	81	18.0
	Inappropriate duration (longer duration or short frequency)	65
Non-compliance	The patient did not understand important information/not informed	9	30	6.7
	Not willing to take	1
	Cannot afford medication	16
	Health professional forget to give	4
Unclassified/other DTP	Late to change IV to PO	46	48	10.7
	Need monitoring	2
Total DTPs		449	449	100
Mean of DTP per patient (N=228)		Min= 1	Max= 5	1.97
Intervention and acceptance status		Frequency	Percentage
Intervention given	Per patient (N=228)	196	86
	Per DTP (N=449)	387	86.2
Acceptance of intervention	Per patient (N= 196)	167	85.2
	Per DTP (N= 387)	302	78

Abbreviations: DTP, drug therapy problem; SAP, surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis; ADR, adverse drug reaction; DI, drug interaction; IV, intravenous; PO, per-oral, one problem can lead to more interventions and one level of acceptance per intervention proposed.