Table 3. Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of heart failure associated with gout and covariates.
| Variable | Crude* | Adjusted† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | ||
| Age, years | 1.08 | (1.07, 1.08)*** | 1.06 | (1.06, 1.07)*** | |
| Sex (female vs. male) | 1.75 | (1.66, 1.85)*** | 1.08 | (1.02, 1.14)** | |
| Baseline comorbidities (yes vs. no) | |||||
| Gout | 1.96 | (1.86, 2.07)*** | 1.57 | (1.49, 1.67)*** | |
| Diabetes | 2.96 | (2.76, 3.18)*** | 1.28 | (1.19, 1.38)** | |
| Hypertension | 5.72 | (5.40, 6.06)*** | 1.73 | (1.61, 1.85)*** | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 2.11 | (1.99, 2.23)*** | 0.89 | (0.83, 0.94)*** | |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.42 | (3.18, 3.67)*** | 1.34 | (1.25, 1.45)*** | |
| Stroke | 3.57 | (3.22, 3.95)*** | 1.08 | (0.98, 1.20) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases | 3.67 | (3.44, 3.92)*** | 1.22 | (1.14, 1.31)*** | |
| Asthma | 3.05 | (2.80, 3.31)*** | 1.31 | (1.19, 1.43)*** | |
| Alcohol-related illness | 1.21 | (1.08, 1.35)*** | 1.21 | (1.08, 1.35)*** | |
| Coronary artery disease | 5.22 | (4.94, 5.51)*** | 1.69 | (1.59, 1.80)*** | |
| Medication | |||||
| Prednisolone | 2.00 | (1.83, 2.20)*** | 0.93 | (0.88, 0.99)* | |
| NSAID | 2.04 | (1.93, 2.15)*** | 0.96 | (0.87, 1.05) | |
Crude HR*, relative hazard ratio; adjusted HR†, multivariable analysis including age, sex and comorbidities of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, alcohol-related illness, and coronary artery disease and medication of prednisolone and NSAID. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. NSAID, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug.