Table 5.

Phase-contrast MRI of the renal arteries: inter-study, intra-observer and inter-observer reproducibility

Study	Methods	Reproducibility results
King et al. [34]	Repeated measurements	Intra-observer: CV = 1.2% and 1.4%, ICC = 0.987 and 0.983; inter-observer: CV = 2.5%, reliability coefficient = 0.983
	19 ADPKD patients
Bax et al. [22]	3 repeated scans (2 successive + 7–21 days apart)	Inter-study CV = 17% (successive scans) and 23% (longer time interval)
	19 HVs
Dambreville et al. [40]	6 repeated scans (2 successive + 4 ones 1-week apart)	Inter-study RBF difference = 30.8 ± 3.5 mL/min (successive scans); CV = 10.6% (overall), CV = 9.0% (weekly interval), CV = 4.2% (successive scans)
	6 HVs
Wentland et al. [20]	2 repeated scans (n = 2)	Inter-study RBF difference = 14.0 ± 12.5% (2D PC-MRI), 15.1 ± 15.6% (4D PC-MRI)
	10 HVs
Khatir et al. [15]	2 repeated scans (1–2 weeks apart)	Inter-study CV = 8.3% (HVs) and 12.9% (CKD); ICC = 0.92 (HVs) and 0.78 (CKD)
	11 HVs and 9 CKD patients
Keegan et al. [12]	2 repeated scans + repeated measurements	RBF difference: 38.5 ± 20.0 mL/min (inter-observer), 17.9 ± 44.8 (inter-study, observer 1), 24.2 ± 59.0 (inter-study, observe R2)
	10 HVs
Spithoven et al. [41]	Repeated measurements	Intra-observer: CV = 2.3%, ICC = 0.997 and 0.995; inter-observer: CV = 3.5%, ICC = 0.991
	21 ADPKD patients
Cox et al. [13]	2–3 repeated scans	Inter-study CV = 14.4 ± 4.3%, ICC = 0.844
	11 HVs
Kline et al. [36]	2 repeated scans (24–210 h apart)	Inter-study reproducibility: 10.1 ± 7.8%
	10 HVs

PC, phase contrast; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; RBF, renal blood flow; HVs, healthy volunteers; ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CV, coefficient of variation; CCC, concordance correlation coefficient