Fig. 3.

Consensus-based algorithm for the management of severe traumatic brain injury with intracranial hypertension and normal brain oxygenation. Lower tier treatments are viewed as having a more favorable side effect profile than higher tiers and generally should be employed first. Inter-tier recommendations encourage patient reassessment for remediable causes of treatment resistance. See text for details. CPP cerebral perfusion pressure, EEG electroencephalogram, EVD external ventricular drain, ICP intracranial pressure, kPa kiloPascals, MAP mean arterial pressure, P_aCO₂ arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide