Fig. 5. Gravity waves and haze layers.

a Vertical wavelength as a function of frequency. The frequency range is between Coriolis f (violet line) and Brunt–Väisälä frequency N = 0.012 s⁻¹ (brown line) with a range of measured values N = 0.01–0.015 s⁻¹ taken from ref. ¹³. Two cases are shown for values of the intrinsic velocity given by (c_x−u) = 60 ms⁻¹ (dashed line) and 120 ms⁻¹ (continuous line)^5,6,13. The mean-scale height of the atmosphere (〈H_gas〉 = 40 km) and the average aerosol-scale height (〈H_aerosol〉 = 20 km) as derived from the radiative transfer model calculations are also indicated. b Idealized amplitude oscillations for the gravity wave model assuming a mean vertical wavelength L_z = 20 km and H_gas = 40 km, and no dissipation. The altitude location and thickness of the observed haze layers are also indicated for comparison as given in Table 1.