Table 1.
Baseline Patient Characteristics
| Overall N = 411 |
Intervention: HRA + coaching N = 203 |
Control: HRA-alone N = 208 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 55.8 (12.2) | 55.2 (12.8) | 56.4 (11.7) |
| Non-Hispanic white race, n (%) | 198 (48.2) | 94 (46.3) | 104 (50.0) |
| Male gender, n (%) | 351 (85.4) | 167 (82.3) | 184 (88.5) |
| Married/living as married, n (%) | 210 (51.1) | 93 (45.8) | 117 (56.3) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| High school or less | 73 (17.8) | 37 (18.2) | 36 (17.3) |
| Some college, associate’s degree, or trade school | 236 (57.4) | 109 (53.7) | 127 (61.1) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 102 (24.8) | 57 (28.1) | 45 (21.6) |
| Employed full/part time, n (%) | 153 (37.3) | 79 (39.1) | 74 (35.6) |
| Inadequate income, n (%) | 109 (26.5) | 56 (27.6) | 53 (25.5) |
| Literacy | |||
| Assistance required for reading, n (%) | |||
| Never | 288 (70.1) | 145 (71.4) | 143 (68.8) |
| Rarely | 76 (18.5) | 39 (19.2) | 37 (17.8) |
| Sometimes/often/always | 47 (11.4) | 19 (9.4) | 28 (13.5) |
| Average of 3 numeracy variables*, mean (SD) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) | 4.6 (1.2) |
| Computer literacy, n (%) | |||
| Do not use computer | 23 (5.6) | 14 (6.9) | 9 (4.3) |
| Basic | 79 (19.2) | 41 (20.2) | 38 (18.3) |
| Moderate | 151 (36.7) | 72 (35.5) | 79 (38.0) |
| Advanced | 109 (26.5) | 53 (26.1) | 56 (26.9) |
| Expert | 49 (11.9) | 23 (11.3) | 26 (12.5) |
| Health habits | |||
| Minutes of physical activity in past week, median (IQR) | 140.0 (380.0) | 150.0 (380.0) | 125.0 (380.0) |
| MOS-6 Sleep Scale Score, mean (SD) | 61.1 (21.7) | 61.4 (21.3) | 60.9 (22.1) |
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 163 (39.7) | 88 (43.3) | 75 (36.1) |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||
| Never | 166 (40.4) | 71 (35.0) | 95 (45.7) |
| Monthly or less | 93 (22.6) | 50 (24.6) | 43 (20.7) |
| 2–4 times a month | 57 (13.9) | 25 (12.3) | 32 (15.4) |
| 2–3 times a week | 58 (14.1) | 31 (15.3) | 27 (13.0) |
| 4 or more times a week | 37 (9.0) | 26 (12.8) | 11 (5.3) |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| HLA health age†, mean (SD) | 60.4 (12.7) | 60.0 (13.0) | 60.7 (12.4) |
| Difference between Health age and actual age, mean (SD) | 4.6 (5.7) | 4.8 (5.6) | 4.4 (5.9) |
| Perceived general health, n (%) | |||
| Excellent | 23 (5.6) | 13 (6.4) | 10 (4.8) |
| Very good | 98 (23.9) | 43 (21.2) | 55 (26.6) |
| Good | 164 (40.0) | 83 (40.9) | 81 (39.1) |
| Fair | 96 (23.4) | 47 (23.2) | 49 (23.7) |
| Poor | 29 (7.1) | 17 (8.4) | 12 (5.8) |
| PHQ-8 Total Score, mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.4) | 6.8 (5.4) | 7.4 (5.5) |
| Pain in past week‡, mean (SD) | 4.6 (2.7) | 4.4 (2.7) | 4.7 (2.7) |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 33.8 (6.4) | 33.6 (6.6) | 33.9 (6.2) |
| Diabetes diagnosis, n (%) | 113 (27.5) | 52 (25.6) | 61 (29.3) |
| Taking blood pressure medications, n (%) | 254 (61.8) | 126 (62.1) | 128 (61.5) |
| Average systolic blood pressure (mmHg)§, mean (SD) | 129.8 (15.4) | 129.6 (15.7) | 130.1 (15.1) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 179.8 (42.0) | 179.6 (42.1) | 180.0 (42.0) |
| High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 45.8 (14.0) | 46.8 (14.7) | 44.8 (13.3) |
| PAM score, mean (SD) | 61.6 (12.6) | 62.6 (12.8) | 60.6 (12.3) |
| Framingham 10-year cardiovascular risk score, mean (SD) | 22.2 (16.7) | 21.6 (16.6) | 22.8 (16.8) |
| Total number of study inclusion criteria met‖, n (%) | |||
| 1 | 170 (41.4) | 84 (41.4) | 86 (41.3) |
| 2 | 197 (47.9) | 99 (48.8) | 98 (47.1) |
| 3 | 44 (10.7) | 20 (9.9) | 24 (11.5) |
SD standard deviation, IQR interquartile range, HRA health risk assessment, HLA HealtheLiving Assessment, MOS Medical Outcomes Study, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, PAM Patient Activation Measure
Missing data: Employment (1), health age (1), difference between health age and age (1), general health (1), cholesterol (6), high-density lipoprotein (6), Framingham (8)
*Numeracy variables: skill with fractions, skill with percentages, and usefulness of numerical information in making health decisions; each variable is on a 1–6 scale, with a value of 1 anchoring “not at all good” and 6 anchoring “extremely good”
†HLA health age: The HLA uses a proprietary risk modeling algorithm to determine patients’ “health age” based on lifestyle choices, family risk, and biological values, as well as information about the degree to which lifestyle changes can lower their “health age”
‡Pain is measured on a 0–10 scale, with 0 representing no pain
§Average of two systolic blood pressure measurements
‖To be included in the study, veterans had to have at least one of the following modifiable risk factors: body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, current smoker, or < 150 min of moderate/vigorous physical activity per week