Table 2.
The Association of Discrimination and Acculturation on Mental Illness (K6 ≥ 13) Among California Adults
| Variable | Model 1, unadjusted, discrimination only | Model 2, unadjusted, discrimination and acculturation only | Model 3, adjusted, discrimination, acculturation, and covariates | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (SE) | 95% CI (p value) | OR (SE) | 95% CI (p value) | OR (SE) | 95% CI (p value) | |
| Self-perceived discrimination (reference = never) | ||||||
| Rarely | 1.97 (0.27) | 1.50, 2.58 (< 0.001) | 1.94 (0.26) | 1.47, 2.54 (< 0.001) | 1.91 (0.27) | 1.44, 2.52 (< 0.001) |
| Sometimes | 3.40 (0.40) | 2.68, 4.31 (< 0.001) | 3.51 (0.41) | 2.78, 4.44 (< 0.001) | 3.08 (0.39) | 2.40, 3.96 (< 0.001) |
| Often | 4.97 (1.05) | 3.27, 7.56 (< 0.001) | 5.04 (1.03) | 3.35, 7.59 (< 0.001) | 3.85 (0.87) | 2.46, 6.03 (< 0.001) |
| Acculturation (reference = less acculturated) | ||||||
| More acculturated (acculturation index 4–5) | 1.64 (0.17) | 1.33, 2.02 (< 0.001) | 1.72 (0.28) | 1.24, 2.38 (0.001) | ||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Race/ethnicity (reference = White) | ||||||
| Hispanic | 0.69 (0.10) | 0.52, 0.91 (< 0.01) | ||||
| Black | 0.90 (0.17) | 0.61, 1.32 (0.59) | ||||
| Asian | 0.83 (0.20) | 0.51, 1.34 (0.44) | ||||
| Other | 0.84 (0.21) | 0.51, 1.40 (0.51) | ||||
| Age | 0.97 (0.002) | 0.96, 0.98 (< 0.001) | ||||
| Sex (reference = male) | 1.16 (0.12) | 0.94, 1.44 (0.15) | ||||
| Educational attainment (reference = college and above) | ||||||
| No high school diploma | 1.76 (0.33) | 1.21, 2.55 (< 0.005) | ||||
| HS graduate | 1.29 (0.17) | 0.99, 1.68 (0.056) | ||||
| Some college | 1.44 (0.24) | 1.04, 2.02 (< 0.05) | ||||
| Poverty level | 0.80 (0.03) | 0.74, 0.87 (< 0.001) | ||||
| Employment (reference = employed) | 1.56 (0.19) | 1.23, 1.98 (< 0.001) | ||||
| Insurance (reference = insurance) | 0.83 (0.14) | 0.60, 1.16 (0.28) | ||||
Source: California Health Interview Survey 2015–2016; weighted estimates