Table 1.
List of miRNA-Mediated Regulation and Cardiac Function Summarized in This Review
| miRNA | Upregulated/Downregulated | Potential Target | Cardiac Function | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypertrophy and Fibrosis | ||||
| miR-208a | up | THRAP1, myostatin | cardiac hypertrophy | 17,18 |
| miR-208a | down | MED13/NcoR1 | accelerate the conversion from compensated RVH to decompensated heart failure | 19 |
| miR-1 | down | FBLN2, TWF1, CALM1, CALM2, MEF2A, MYLK3, RasGAP, Cdk9, Rheb | inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy | 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 |
| miR-21(CF) | up | SPRY1, Jagged1, mt-Cytb | cardiac fibrosis; myocardial fibroblast proliferation and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transformation; reduce blood pressure and attenuate cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs | 39,43,159 |
| miR-133 | down | CTGF, RHOA, CDC42, NELF-a/WHSC2 | inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy |
160,161 |
| miR-155 | down | Jarid2, | cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac remodeling | 162 |
| miR-155 (CF) | up | TP53INP1 | collagen deposition and fibrosis | 163 |
| miR-222 | up | HMBOX1, p27, HIPK1/2 | inhibition of cardiac hypertrophy | 164 |
| miR-221/222 (CF) | down | JNK1, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, ETS-1 | inhibition of fibroblast activation and differentiation | 165 |
| miR-15 family | up | Sirt4, MO25, SIRT3, TGFβR1, p38, SMAD3, SMAD7 | inhibition of hypertrophy | 48,50,166,167 |
| Cardiac Ischemic Disease | ||||
| miR-1 | up | MYOCD, Bcl2, Hsp90aa1, LXRα | apoptosis | 31, 32, 33,168 |
| miR-208 | up | BAX, CHD9, QKI15 | apoptosis | 169, 170, 171 |
| miR-126 | up | ERRFI1 | anti-apoptosis | 172 |
| miR-499 | down | CnAα/β, PDCD4, PACS2 | anti-apoptosis | 173, 174, 175 |
| miR-195 | up | CHEK1 | inhabitation of proliferation | 52,176 |
| miR-15 family | up | SMAD7, Bcl2, β2-AR, c-myb, LC3BII, MFN2, ARL2, MAPK3, CIAPIN1 | apoptosis | 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62 |
| Cardiac Arrhythmias | ||||
| miR-208a | down | GATA4 | cardia conduction defect | 18 |
| miR-1/133 | up | GJA1,KCNJ2, HCN2,HCN4,NCX1,B56α,CACNA1C,IRX5 | ventricular arrhythmia; cardiac conduction slow | 34,36, 37, 38,177 |
| miR-328 | up | Cacna1c, Cacnb2 | atrial fibrillation | 178 |
| miR-499 | down | KCCN3, CACNB2 | atrial fibrillation | 179,180 |
THRAP1, thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein 1; MED13/NcoR1, mediator of transcription 13/nuclear receptor corepressor 1; FBLN2, fibulin-2; TWF1, twinfilin-1; CALM1/2, calmodulin 1/2; MYLK3, myosin light chain kinase 3; RasGAP, Ras GTPase-activating protein; MEF2A, myocyte enhancer factor 2; Cdk9, cyclin-dependent kinase 9; Rheb, Ras homolog enriched in brain; CF, cardiac fibroblast; SPRY1, sprouty homolog 1; mt-Cytb, mtDNA-encoded cytochrome b; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; RHOA, a GDP-GTP exchange protein associated with cardiac growth; CDC42, a signaling kinase involved in pathological hypertrophy; NELF-A/WHSC2, a nuclear factor correlated with cardiogenesis; Jarid2, jumonji, AT-rich interactive domain 2; TP53INP1, tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 1; HMBOX1, homeobox containing 1; HIPK1/2, homeodomain interacting protein kinase 1/2; JNK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1; ETS-1, ETS proto-oncogene 1; SIRT3/4, sirtuin 3/4; MYOCD, myocardin; Bcl-2, B cell CLL/lymphoma 2; BAX, BCL2-associated X; QKI15, RNA-binding protein Quaking 15; CHD9, chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 9; ERRFI1, ERBB receptor feedback inhibitor 1; CnAα/β, calcineurin catalytic subunits; PDCD4, programmed cell death 4; PACS2, phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting protein 2; CHEK1, checkpoint kinase 1; β2-AR, β2 adrenergic receptor; MFN2, mitofusin 2; ARL2, ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 2; MAPK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; CIAPIN1, cytokine-induced apoptosis inhibitor 1; GJA1, gap junction protein α1; KCNJ2, potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 2; HCN2/HCN4, hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated potassium and sodium channel 2/4; NCX1, sodium/calcium exchanger protein; CACNA1C, calcium voltage-gated channel subunit α1C; IRX5, iroquois homeobox 5; CACNB2, voltage-dependent calcium channel β2 subunit; Cacna1c, calcium voltage-gated channel subunit 1C; Cacnb2, calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit 2; KCNN3, potassium calcium-activated channel subfamily N member 3.