Table 2.

List of Cardiac Function of lncRNAs and Their Molecular Mechanisms Summarized in This Review

lncRNA	Upregulated/Downregulated	Potential Mechanism	Effect	Refs.
Hypertrophy
Mhrt	down	interacts with Brg1	inhibits developing heart failure	68,69,181
Chaer	Up	interacts with PRC2	promotes cardiac hypertrophy	70,182
Chrf	Up	sponge for miR-489	promotes cardiac hypertrophy	71
Apoptosis and Autophagy
APF	Up	sponge for miR-188-3p	promotes deregulated autophagy and cell death	76
CAIF	down	interacts with p53	inhibits autophagy	77
MALAT1	Up	sponge for miR-203	worsens cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis	78
Electrical Activity
MALAT1	up	sponge for miR-200c	regulates transient outward potassium current	79
Cardiac Fibrosis
MALAT1	Up	sponge for miR-145	promotes cardiac fibrosis and deteriorates cardiac function after MI	80
Wisper	Up	interacts with TIAL1	promotes cardiac fibrosis	81
MEG3	down	interacts with p53	promotes cardiac fibrosis and impaired diastolic performance	82
GAS5	down	sponge for miR-21	inhibits cardiac fibrosis	83

Mhrt, Myheart; Brg1, also known as Smarca4 (SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4); Chaer, cardiac hypertrophy-associated epigenetic regulator; PRC2, polycomb repressive complex 2; Chrf, cardiac hypertrophy-related factor; APF, autophagy-promoting factor; CAIF, cardiac autophagy inhibitory factor; MALAT1, metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript1; MI, myocardial infarction; Wisper, Wisp2 super-enhancer-associated RNA; TIAL1, TIA1 cytotoxic granule-associated RNA-binding protein-like 1; MEG3, maternally expressed gene 3; GAS5, growth arrest-specific 5.