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. 2020 Apr 30;2020:6193407. doi: 10.1155/2020/6193407

Figure 1.

Figure 1

TLRs and signaling molecules on the basis of literatures. The majority of TLRs seem to function as a homodimer, but TLR2 forms a heterodimer with TLR1 or TLR6. TLR signaling consists of two distinct pathways: the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent cascades. TLR4 can activate both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways. TLR3 in the endosome recruits TRIF and mediates the MyD88-independent pathway. The engagement of TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in the endosome membrane leads to the formation of a complex that consists of MyD88 and IRAK. TLR2, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 can only activate MyD88-dependent pathway. LPS, lipopolysaccharides; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; ssRNA, single-stranded RNA; TIRAP, TIR domain-containing adaptor protein/MyD88 adaptor-like protein; TIR, Toll-like/IL-1 receptor; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β; IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3; IRAK, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase; TRAF6, tumor necrosis factor receptor- (TNFR-) associated factor 6; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AP-1, activator protein 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; IFN-β, interferon-β.