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. 2020 Apr 30;2020:6193407. doi: 10.1155/2020/6193407

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Copyright © 2020 Qi Feng et al.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Classical renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the overview of RAS under pathological conditions of DN. (a) Components of classical RAS. (b) Schematic representation of RAS signaling cascades involve in the inflammation of DN. Ang: angiotensin; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AT1R: angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT2R: angiotensin II type 2 receptor; PLC: phospholipase C; IP3, inositol triphosphate; DAG, diacylglycerol; PKC, protein kinase C; MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ROS: reactive oxygen species.