Maternal HFD accelerates the development of HFD-induced insulin resistance. (A and B) Glucose and insulin tolerance tests after 8 weeks of HFD. Values represent the mean ± SEM for 9 O-ND and 9–10 O-HFD mice. ∗∗P < 0.01 versus O-ND. O-ND, offspring of ND-fed dam; O-HFD, offspring of HFD-fed dam; GTT, glucose tolerance test; ITT, insulin tolerance test; AUC, area under the curve. (C) Serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose and insulin, and homeostatic model assessment- (HOMA-) IR before and after 8 weeks of HFD. Values represent the mean ± SEM for 7 O-ND and 10 O-HFD mice before HFD, as well as 8 O-ND and 8 O-HFD mice after 8 weeks of HFD. ∗∗P < 0.01 versus O-ND before HFD. ##P < 0.01 versus O-HFD before HFD. ¶P < 0.05 versus O-ND after HFD. O-ND, offspring of ND-fed dam; O-HFD, offspring of HFD-fed dam.