Fig. 2.

PME effect on AFM nanoindentation. Force–indentation measurements performed on onion epidermal walls submerged in 20 mM pH 7.5 HEPES buffer alone (A) and in buffer containing 50 µg ml^–1 PME (B) at time 0 h and 3 h. The representative extend and retract curves have modulus values close to the average value of each treatment. (C) Modulus calculated by the Sneddon model using retract curves. Values are mean ±SE (23≤n≤24). Letters indicate statistical significance based on one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test (P<0.01).