Fig. 4. Determination of the helical handedness of the supramolecular polymers.

a–f AFM data of 1∙2^S (a), 1∙2^R (b), 1∙3^S (c), 1∙3^R (d), 1∙4^S (e), and 1∙4^R (f) spin-coated on HOPG substrates from dodecane solutions (4.0 mM). AFM phase/amplitude images (upper; scale bar, 20 nm), gray-scale images trimmed (38 × 38 nm) from the AFM images (lower left; scale bar, 10 nm), and magnified FFT images of the gray-scale images (lower right). The illustrations of helices indicate the orientation direction of the supramolecular polymer fibers. The corresponding AFM height images are shown in Supplementary Fig. 11. For details of FFT, see Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Fig. 12.