Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of the included AVM patients.

Patient	Sex	Age	Nidus size	Location	Flow	Hemorrhage	Aneurysm	Deep venous drainage	Other	Urinary EphrinB2 (pg/µg)
1	M	12 y	5.2 mm × 7.55 mm × 7.49 mm	R subfrontal	Slow	N	Y	N	Pineal cyst	69.17047568
2	M	6 y	1.78 cm × 1.89 cm × 1.4 cm	R cerebellar	Slow	N	N	N		3.617056579
3	F	10 y	2.0 cm × 2.29 cm × 2.199	L frontal	Moderate	N	N	N		80.24224841
4	M	8 y	7 mm × 4 mm × 6 mm R-parietooccipital and 4 mm L-occipital	R occipitoparietal	Moderate	N	N	N	HHT- pulmonary AVM, R occipitoparietal, L occipital lobe AVMs; pineal cyst	21.40139505
5	M	17 y	11.8 mm × 10.4 mm × 14.4 mm	R frontal	Moderate	N	N	N	R occipital arachnoid cyst	607.41117
6	M	16 y	13.4 mm × 13.4 mm × 33.6 mm	R occipital	Fast	N	N	N		274.9936338
7	M	8 y	6.7 mm × 5.5 mm × 18.5 mm	R parietal	Slow	N	N	N	Pseudotumor	35.57083868
8	F	10 y	4.8 mm × 13.7 mm × 6 mm	R temporal	Slow	N	N	N		13.67116296
9	M	20 y	43 mm × 35 mm × 27 mm	R occipital	Fast	N	N	Y		19.79345955
10	M	6 y	Unknown	R cerebellar	Moderate	N	N	N	Recurrent AVM	26.68017562
11	F	16 y	6.8 cm × 3 cm × 4.8 cm	R parietooccipital	Fast	N	N	Y		9.668138035
12	M	12 y	2.4 cm × 1.89 cm × 2.5 cm	R posterior temporo-occipital	Fast	N	N	N	Fragile X	126.9329364
13	F	3.5 y	1.5 cm × 1.1 cm × 1.5 cm	L frontotemporal	Fast	N	Y	N	Onyx embolization prior to urine collection	65.03312118
14	F	9 y	2.7 cm × 3.3 cm × 3 cm	R occipital	Fast	N	N	N		153.1746032
15	M	11 y	1 cm × 6 mm × 7 mm	R parietooccipital	Moderate	Y	Y	Y		28.64676121
16	M	7 y	2.6 cm × 2.2 cm × 1.8 cm	R occipital	Slow	Y	N	N		30.125
17	F	13 y	5.7 mm × 4 mm x 5 mm	L occipital	Slow	Y	N	N	DVA	72.08640107
18	F	6 y	2 mm × 1 mm × 27 mm	L cerebellar	Fast	Y	N	Y		52.14877029
19	F	12 y	9.9 mm × 6.9 mm × 9.2 mm	R intraventricular	Slow	Y	N	Y		2.890728708
20	F	8 y	9 mm × 7 mm × 4.8 mm	L occipital	Slow	Y	N	N		27.3550884
21	F	12 y	4.6 mm × 6.7 mm × 4.2 mm	L parietal	Moderate	Y	N	N		95.65313735
22	F	15 y	18.5 mm × 15.2 mm × 11.1 mm	L occipital	Moderate	Y	N	N	Arachnoid cyst, melanoma of lip	27.76888026
23	M	5 y	2.6 cm × 0.8 cm	R choroid plexus	Fast	Y	N	Y		34.41276728
24	F	15 y	Unknown	L occipital	Fast	Y	N	Y	Multiply recurrent AVMs	122.8041682
25	M	9 y	23.6 mm × 20.8 mm × 19.6 mm	L frontal	Slow	Y	N	Y		6.434498708
26	M	16 y	7.8 mm × 8.4 mm x 6 mm	L temporal	Moderate	Y	Y	N		521.7267687
27	F	8 y	2.0 cm × 1.6 cm × 3.4 cm	L temporal	Slow	Y	N	Y		7.356274413
28	F	8 y	1.4 cm × 1.5 cm × 1.4 cm	R cerebellar	Fast	Y	N	N		49.78739701
29	F	13 y	1.8 cm × 1.4 cm × 1.1 cm	R frontal	Moderate	N	N	N	Family history of autoimmune disorders, basilar stenosis at AICA	42.2308871
30	M	5 y	1.3 cm × 1.2 cm × 1.0 cm	R temporal	Moderate	Y	N	N		14.09318124

The following clinically relevant categories were reviewed for each patient included in this study: sex, age, AVM size, location, rate of flow, whether the AVM had hemorrhaged, presence of aneurysm, deep venous drainage, and any associated conditions. Patients with the highest urinary EphrinB2 levels were noted to have high-flow lesions and/or had associated aneurysm or other pathology. Patients with urinary levels that fell below the cutoff (<25 pg/µg) had either slow-flow lesions or lesions with deep venous drainage.