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. 2020 May 8;10:7760. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64722-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic overview of energy generation by AC and EC. We propose the following cellular models of energy generation; (a) Under normoxic/resting conditions, AC predominantly use glucose to support glycogenesis and anaerobic glycolysis (green) as well as the TCA cycle (purple) via pyruvate synthesis. Brain EC sparingly utilize glucose directly to support glycolysis, but glutamate and/or β-oxidation likely contribute to EC TCA cycle to maintain the central carbohydrate metabolism. (b) During injury conditions, elevated glycogen and pyruvate reserves, pCR as well as excellent antioxidant capacity in AC demonstrate a high metabolic flexibility. Comparatively EC are more metabolically rigid, attempting to sustain their resting/baseline profile at almost all cost. Arrow thickness represents the degree of pathway activity. The number of repeated circles (NAD + ) and rectangles (ATP and CR) indicate the metabolite level. Metabolite abundance is indicated by rectangle transparency with dark and light depicting high and low levels respectively under different conditions. The dotted arrow indicates inactivated pathways.