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. 2020 May 8;10:7815. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-64783-x

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Mechanical axon damage following midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI) and minocycline treatment. (A) Representative image of axons with injury-induced undulated features. Undulated axons either developed varicosities (top panel, arrow) and/or terminal bulb (top panel, asterisk) or return to baseline morphology (bottom panel). Identical axons throughout imaging sessions are marked with an arrowhead. Scale bar for top panel = 5 µm, bottom panel = 10 µm (B) Undulated axons were apparent at the one-hr time point, independent of treatment. Two-way ANOVA results show that both treatment groups (p = 0.005) and time (p < 0.001) are significant factors. Specifically, at one hour, there is a significant difference between TBI-7-hr and Sham-vehicle (p = 0.012) and between TBI-Vehicle and Sham-vehicle (p = 0.050), Tukey test. Some undulated axons persisted until Day 7, but by Day 14 and Day 30 undulated axons were no longer observed. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Scale bar = 10 µm.