Table 1. DEX studies in animal models summarising model used, DEX dosage and duration, frequency and administration route of DEX treatment and overall observed effect.

Authors	Year	Animal model	Arthritis model	DEX dose	Duration	Frequency and route of administration	Observed effect
Huebner et al.	2014	Rabbit	Yes	0.5 mg/kg	3 weeks	Once/3 d, i.a.	+
Heard et al.	2015	Rabbit	Yes	0.5 mg/kg	48 h-9 weeks	Once, i.a.	+/−
Islander et al.	2010	Mouse	Yes	~ 5 mg/kg	~ 25 d	Daily, i.p.	+
Rauchhaus et al.	2009	Mouse	Yes	0.4–4 mg/kg	7 d	Once, i.v.	+/−
Wang et al.	2017a	Rat	Yes	0.15 mg/kg	7 d	Daily, oral gavage	+
Malfait et al.	2009	Rat	Yes	1 mg/kg or 0.001–1 mg/mL	16 h	Once, oral gavage or i.v. infusion	+
Ashraf et al.	2011	Rat	Yes	0.1 mg/kg	24 d	Daily, oral gavage	+
Jaffré et al.	2003	Rat	Yes	0.1 mg/kg	5–21 d	Daily, i.a.	+/−
Annefeld and Erne	1987	Rat	No	3 mg/kg	3 weeks	1/week, i.m.	−
Podbielski and Raiss	1985	Rat	No	3.3 mg/kg	3–5 weeks	1/week, i.m.	−
Glade et al.	1983	Horse	No	0.005 mg/kg	3–11 months	Daily, i.m.	−

i.a.: intra-articular injection. i.p.: intra-peritoneal injection. i.v.: intravenous injection. i.m.: intra-muscular injection. + indicates a positive effect on cartilage and/or arthritis progression, − a negative effect and +/− some positive results alongside negative side effects.