Table 4.
Vaccine antigens synthesized by using cell-free systems
| Protein/antigen | Source/disease | Cell-free system | Immune response |
|---|---|---|---|
| mMOMP | Chlamydia muridarum | E. coli | ELISA results showed mMOMP–tNLP with CpG adjuvant, when injected into mice, produced significant levels of antigen-specific antibody [126] |
| DT5 & DT6 | Diphtheria | E. coli | ELISA quantification showed a strong induction of anti-DT IgG Ab production in DT5-immunized mice [31] |
| Trivalent vaccine based on HcA, HcB and HcE | Botulism | E. coli | Immunization with trivalent (HcA, HcB and HcE) vaccine-protected mice against the high-dose botulinum A,B and E multitoxin challenge [128] |
| Trimeric hemagglutinin (HA) head and stem domains | Influenza | E. coli | ELISA results confirmed the immunogenic conformation of HA stem trimer by using antibodies specific for neutralizing epitopes located in the HA stem domain [48] |
| αCD19-Id | B cells of tumors | E. coli | αCD19-Id induced a robust Id-specific IgG response and protection to the vaccinated mice [131] |
| Lymphoma vaccine | B cells of tumors | E. coli | Mice injected with 38C13-scFv fusion protein-induced antibodies that recognize native 38C13 protein [132] |
| Plasmodium rhoptry proteins | Plasmodium falciparum | HeLa/wheat germ | Rhoptry-specific animal antisera [129, 130] |
| Malaria antigens (PfMSA180, LSA3, MSP11, PfRON12, PfRipr, EXP1, Pfs-GPI, etc) | Plasmodium falciparum | Wheat germ | Interaction of PfMSA180 with CD47 was confirmed by erythrocyte binding assay [133]. Antigen-specific IgG responses to LSA3-C were profiled by an alphaScreen assay [134]. Western blotting and ELISA confirmed the interaction of purified recombinant MSP11 with human sera [135]. Immunization of purified PfRON12 with Freund’s complete adjuvant into Japanese white rabbits generated PfRON12 antisera [136]. Rabbits immunized with expressed PfRipr produced specific antibodies [137]. Anti-EXP1 antibodies were generated by immunization of recombinant EXP1 [138]. Mice immunization with purified Pfs25 induced antiserum [139] |
| Pfs25-GPI | Plasmodium falciparum | E. coli | Immunogenicity was confirmed by ELISA after immunizing the mice with Pfs25-GPI. SMFA was used to verify the functionality of induced antiPfs25-GPI antibodies [142] |
| FhSAP2 | Fasciola hepatica | RRL | ELISA was used to confirm the antigenicity by reacting with antibody and animal serum [67] |
| Recombinant PV32 | Plasmodium vivax | Wheat germ | Humoral immune response of serum against the PV32 was confirmed by MFI measurements using PV32 protein arrays [140] |
| PvGAMA | Plasmodium vivax | Wheat germ | ELISA results presented that humoral immune response from the patients injected with PvGAMA showed a significant increase in the anti-PvGAMA antibody response [143] |
| HbC-VLP | Hepatitis B virus | E. coli | Antigenicity of HBc VLPs was confirmed by ELISA against mAb C1-5 [141] |
| HPIV3-HN | Human parainfluenza virus 3 | Wheat germ | ELISA-based screening of Hybridomas created from the splenocytes of Balb/c mice immunized with purified full-length HPIV3-HN showed higher absorbance corresponding to higher specificity [144] |
| CLDN-5 | Tight junctions extracellular regions (ECR) | Wheat germ | Proteoliposomal engineered CLDN-5 antigens induced anti-CLDN5-5-ECR antibodies in mice [145] |
αCD19-Id small diabody (Db) molecule containing both a B-cell–targeting moiety (anti-CD19) and a lymphoma Id, 38C13-scFv idiotype-specific single-chain variable fragment of the immunoglobulin from the 38C13 mouse B-cell lymphoma, CLDN-5 claudin-5, CpG 5'–C–phosphate–G–3', DT5 and DT6 diphtheria toxoid antigen variants, E. coli Escherichia coli, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, EXP1 Plasmodium falciparum exported protein, FhSAP2 Fasciola hepatica saposin-like protein-2, HbC-VLP hepatitis B core protein virus-like particle, HcA, HcB, and HcE heavy-chain fragment of botulinum toxins A, B, and C, LSA3 liver stage antigen-3, HPIV3-HN human parainfluenza virus 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase, mMOMP major outer membrane protein, MSP11 merozoite surface protein 11, PfMSA180 P. falciparum merozoite surface antigen 180, PfRipr P. falciparum Rh5 interacting protein, PfRON12 P. falciparum rhoptry neck protein, Pfs25-GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored post-fertilization stage parasite surface antigen 25, PV32 P. vivax 32, PvGAMA P. vivax glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored micronemal antigen, RRL rabbit reticulocyte lysate, SMFA standard membrane feeding assay, tNLP telodendrimer nanolipoprotein particle