Table 1.
Maternal Characteristics, RBC Folate Concentrations, and MTHFR C677T Polymorphisms in the GDM and Non-GDM Groups
| Maternal Characteristics | GDM (n=67) | Non-GDM (n=299) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 30.5 (4.0) | 28.9 (3.5) | 0.001 |
| <30 | 30 (44.8) | 122 (40.8) | 0.551 |
| ≥30 | 37 (55.2) | 177 (59.2) | |
| BMI at enrollment (kg/m2) | 24.3 (3.6) | 22.4 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| <24 | 37 (55.2) | 216 (72.2) | 0.006 |
| ≥24 | 30 (44.8) | 83 (27.8) | |
| Parity | |||
| Nullipara | 37 (55.2) | 180 (60.2) | 0.454 |
| Secundipara | 30 (44.8) | 119 (39.8) | |
| Multipara | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
| Family history of diabetes | 12 (17.9) | 21 (7.0) | 0.005 |
| Physical Activity | |||
| 0–150 minutes per week | 45 (67.2) | 149 (49.8) | 0.01 |
| ≥150 minutes per week | 22 (32.8) | 150 (50.2) | |
| Folic Acid Supplements at Enrollment | |||
| <400μg | 24 (35.8) | 97 (32.4) | 0.595 |
| ≥400μg | 43 (64.2) | 202 (67.6) | |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 132.4 (8.9) | 131.3 (10.8) | 0.448 |
| Serum folate (nmol/L) | 23.9 (14.1–24.0) | 21.4 (16.0–24.0) | 0.454 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 3.3 (1.6–5.9) | 1.9 (0.9–3.5) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.1 (1.4–3.0) | 1.4 (1.0–2.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 169.1 (121.4–282.4) | 168.2 (111.2–279.6) | 0.698 |
| Serum homocysteine (μmol/L) | 9.1 (1.9) | 9.1 (2.8) | 0.978 |
| Serum vitamin B12 (pmol/L) | 237.3 (101.8) | 241.0 (108.9) | 0.801 |
| RBC folate (nmol/L) | 755.1 (276.0) | 690.6 (258.3) | 0.069 |
| MTHFR Polymorphisms | 0.384 | ||
| CC | 8 (12.0) | 56 (18.7) | |
| CT | 35 (52.2) | 151 (50.5) | |
| TT | 24 (35.8) | 92 (30.8) |
Abbreviations: HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance; RBC, red blood cell; HOMA-β, homeostasis model assessment-β.