Table 1.
Demographic and Baseline Characteristics
| Parameters | Pregnant with GDM | Healthy Pregnant | Healthy Non-Pregnant | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 33.2 (5.7) | 31.6 (4.9) | 32.5 (8.3) | 0.549a |
| Gravida, mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.9) | 2.7 (1.8) | NA | 0.176c |
| Parity, mean (SD) | 1.9 (1.5) | 1.7 (1.7) | 1.3 (1.7) | 0.117a |
| Gestation (weeks), mean (SD) | 31.3 (4.7) | 28.4 (4.3) | NA | 0.549c |
| Family history of DM, n (%) | 52 (43.0) | 39 (32.2) | 30 (24.8) | 0.014b |
| History of GDM, n (%) | 24 (30.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.6 (0.56) | NA | NA | NA |
| SBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 116.0 (10.26) | 116.4 (10.51) | 120.7 (8.44) | 0.007a |
| DBP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 73.06 (11.49) | 72.2 (6.97) | 72.4 (7.13) | 0.819a |
| Duration of GDM (weeks), mean (SD) | 13.1 (6.40) | NA | NA | NA |
| Type of Treatment, n (%) | ||||
| Diet | 49 (62.8) | NA | NA | NA |
| Insulin | 29 (37.2) | |||
| Spherical equivalent (diopters), mean (SD) | −1.20 (1.14) | −1.44 (1.28) | −1.15 (1.21) | 0.315a |
| Axial length (mm), mean (SD) | 23.32 (0.72) | 23.67 (0.88) | 23.60 (0.83) | 0.023a |
Notes: aOne-way ANOVA, bPearson chi-square test, cFisher’s exact test, p<0.05 is significant.
Abbreviations: GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation; NA, not applicable.