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. 2020 May 5;12:67–73. doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S183492

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© 2020 Tsukikawa and Stacey.

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Grades of hypertensive retinopathy. (A) Mild hypertensive retinopathy (in an eye with an unrelated chorioretinal lesion) with arteriolar narrowing (white arrow), copper wiring (black star), and AV nicking (black arrow). (B) Moderate hypertensive retinopathy with features of mild hypertensive retinopathy as well as cotton wool spots (yellow arrow) and intraretinal hemorrhages (red arrow). (C) Severe hypertensive retinopathy with features of moderate hypertensive retinopathy and optic disc swelling (white star).