Table 3.
Subgroup analysis of clinical, viral load, and cytokine profile
|
Started treatment <7 days from symptom onset |
Started treatment ≥7 days from symptom onset |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combination group (with interferon beta-1b; n=52) | Control group (n=24) | p value | Combination group (without interferon beta-1b; n=34) | Control group (n=17) | p value | ||
| NEWS2 | |||||||
| Baseline | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–2) | 0·11 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0·49 | |
| Day 1 | 1 (1–1) | 2 (2–2) | <0·0001 | 2 (1–2) | 2 (1–2) | 0·71 | |
| Day 2 | 1·0 (0·0–1·0) | 2·0 (1·5–3·0) | <0·0001 | 1·5 (1·0–2·0) | 2·0 (1·0–2·8) | 0·41 | |
| Day 3 | 0·0 (0·0–1·0) | 2·0 (1·0–3·0) | <0·0001 | 1·0 (1·0–2·0) | 2·0 (0·3–2·8) | 0·16 | |
| Day 4 | 0·0 (0·0–0·0) | 2·0 (1·0–2·5) | <0·0001 | 1·0 (1·0–2·0) | 2·0 (0·3–2·0) | 0·37 | |
| Day 5 | 0 (0–0·5) | 2 (1–2) | <0·0001 | 1 (0–1) | 2 (0–2) | 0·040 | |
| Day 6 | 0 (0–0·3) | 1 (1–2) | <0·0001 | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0·14 | |
| Day 7 | 0 (0–0) | 1 (0–2) | <0·0001 | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–1) | 0·68 | |
| Time to NEWS2 of 0, days | 4·0 (3·0–5·0) | 8·0 (6·5–9·0) | <0·0001 | 6·0 (5·0–10·8) | 8·0 (5·5–8·0) | 0·90 | |
| SOFA score | |||||||
| Baseline | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0·99 | 1 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0·17 | |
| Day 1 | 0·0 (0·0–1·0) | 1·0 (0·0–1·0) | 0·030 | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 1·0 (0·0–1·5) | 0·67 | |
| Day 2 | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0·0060 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0·72 | |
| Day 3 | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0·0050 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0·49 | |
| Day 4 | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 0·0060 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–3) | 0·48 | |
| Day 5 | 0·0 (0·0–0·8) | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 0·0030 | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 1·0 (0·0–3·0) | 0·55 | |
| Day 6 | 0·0 (0·0–0·0) | 0·5 (0·0–2·0) | 0·0010 | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 0·88 | |
| Day 7 | 0·0 (0·0–0·0) | 0·5 (0·0–2·0) | <0·0001 | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 1·0 (0·0–2·0) | 0·88 | |
| Time to SOFA score of 0, days | 3 (1–5) | 7 (1–9) | 0·0010 | 8 (1–8) | 8 (1–9) | 0·23 | |
| Duration of hospital stay, days | 8 (6–12·5) | 15 (9–16) | 0·0030 | 13 (8–15) | 13·5 (12·3–21·8) | 0·090 | |
| 30-day mortality | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1·00 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1·00 | |
| Time to negative viral load, days | |||||||
| Nasopharyngeal swab | 6·5 (4·0–8·0) | 12·5 (8·0–14·8) | <0·0001 | 10·5 (8·0–12·3) | 12·0 (8·0–17·0) | 0·10 | |
| Posterior oropharyngeal saliva | 6·0 (2·0–7·0) | 8·5 (5·3–11·8) | <0·0001 | 8·0 (6·0–9·0) | 8·0 (5·3–9·0) | 0·79 | |
| Throat swab | 4·0 (1·0–6·0) | 8·0 (3·3–12·8) | 0·0010 | 5·0 (1·5–8·0) | 4·5 (2·0–9·0) | 0·52 | |
| Stool | 4·5 (2·0–5·0) | 6·0 (3·0–7·0) | 0·070 | 5·0 (2·0–10·0) | 7·0 (5·5–8·5) | 0·14 | |
| All specimens | 7·0 (4·0–9·0) | 13·0 (8·0–14·0) | <0·0001 | 12·0 (7·8–14·0) | 12·0 (12·0–19·0) | 0·080 | |
| Virological findings (RT-PCR), log10 copies per mL | |||||||
| Nasopharyngeal swab (baseline) | 7 (5·2–8·4) | 6·1 (4·3–7·7) | 0·29 | 5·5 (3·8–7·3) | 6·6 (3·8–8) | 0·65 | |
| Posterior oropharyngeal saliva (baseline) | 5·4 (3·9–7·3) | 5·3 (3·9–7·5) | 0·86 | 4·8 (3·8–6·2) | 5·4 (4·9–6·8) | 0·30 | |
| Throat swab (baseline) | 4·8 (3·2–6·9) | 4·4 (3·5–6·1) | 0·81 | 4·5 (1·0–5·6) | 5·0 (4·0–5·5) | 0·52 | |
| Stool (baseline) | 3·2 (1·9–6·2) | 3·2 (2·9–5·6) | 0·85 | 3·3 (2·8–3·9) | 5·6 (1·9–7·4) | 0·48 | |
| Cytokine concentration, log10 pg/mL | |||||||
| IL-6 (baseline) | 1·4 (1–1·5) | 1·4 (1·4–1·6) | 0·13 | 1·4 (1–1·4) | 1 (1–1·6) | 0·45 | |
| TNFα (baseline) | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 0·87 | 1 (1–1) | 1 (1–1) | 0·82 | |
Data are median (IQR). NEWS2=national early warning score 2. SOFA=sequential organ failure assessment.